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°ê¥~¾ÇªÌBrophy (1986)»{¬°§¹¬üªº±Ð¾ÇÀ³¨ã³Æ(1)±Ð¾Ç¥Ø¼Ð¬Û·í²M·¡¡F(2)¼ô±x±Ð¾Ç¤º®e»P±Ð¾Çµ¦²¤¡F(3)Åý¾Ç¥Í©ú¥Õ±Ð®vªº´Á±æ¥H¤Î­ì¦]¡F(4)¬Û·í¼ô½mªº¨Ï¥Î²{¦³±Ð§÷¡F(5)ÁA¸Ñ¾Ç¥Í¡A¨Ì¾Ç¥Í­Ó§O»Ý­n±Ð¾Ç¥B¯à¹wª¾¾Ç¥Íªº¿ù»~¡F(6)´£¨Ñ¾Ç¥Í«á³]»{ª¾ªºµ¦²¤¥BÅý¾Ç¥Í¼ô½m¡F(7)µ¹¤©°ª¡B§C¼hªº»{ª¾¥Ø¼Ð¡F(8)²Î¾ã¨ä¥¦¾Ç¬ìªº±Ð¾Ç¡F(9)¬°¾Ç¥Íªº¦¨´N­t³d¡F(10)¯à¹ï±Ð¾Ç¥[¥H«ä¦Ò¤Î¤Ï¬Ù¡C¬ã¨sªÌ±N¾ú¨Ó¤@¨Ç¾ÇªÌ¹ï¦³®Ä¯àªº±Ð¾Çªº¬É©w¾ã²z©óªí2¡C

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2001

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2.±Ð¾Ç³t«×ºò´ê¬yºZ¡C3.±Ð¾Ç¬¡°Ê®É¶¡¦w±Æ¾A·í±Ð¾Ç§Þ³N¼h­±¡C¹B¥Î¬ì§Þ¼h­±¡G1.µ½¥Îºô¸ô¸ê·½¨Ó´£ª@±Ð¾Ç®ÄªG¡C2.§Q¥Î¦UºØ±Ð¾Ç´CÅé¨Ó»²§U±Ð¾Ç¡C3.¦b±Ð¾Ç¤¤¹B¥Î¬ì§Þ¸Ñ¨M¤é±`¥Í¬¡°ÝÃD¡C4.¨}¦nªº¶ÉÅ¥§Þ¥©¡C5.Â×´I¥Í°ÊªºªÏÅé»y¨¥¡C

ªL®ü²M

1994

1.±Ð¾Ç­pµe¡G±Ð®v²M·¡±Ð¾Ç¥Ø¼Ð¡A¼ô±x±Ð§÷¡A²Î¾ã¾Ç¬ì¤º®e¡A¤F¸Ñ¾Ç¥Í¯S½è¡A³]­p¦³¼u©ÊÅܤƪº±Ð¾Ç¡F2.±Ð¾Çµ¦²¤¡G¹ªÀy¾Ç¥Í¥D°Ê°Ñ»P¡A¿EÀy¾Ç¥Í¦Û°Ê¡A¨Ì¾Ú­Ó§O®t²§¡AÅܤƱоǤèªk¡A±Ð¾Ç´Iµ²ºc©Ê¤ÎÅÞ¿è©Ê¡A¥B¹Lµ{¬yºZ¦³®Ä²v¡F3.±Ð¾ÇµûŲ¡G§Y®É¦^õX¡A¾A®É¼W±j¡A¹B¥Î§Î¦¨©Êµû¶q¡A¦h¤¸¤è¦¡µû¶q¥H«P¶i¾Ç¥Í¾Ç²ß¦¨´N·P¡A´£¨Ñ«á³]»{ª¾µ¦²¤¡A¹ï±Ð¾Ç¥[¥H«ä¦Ò¤Î¤Ï¬Ù¡F4.±Ð¾Ç®ðª^¡G³z¹L®v¥Í¤¬°Ê³Ð³y¨}¦nªº¾Ç²ß®ðª^¡A«Ø¥ß¦X²zªº±Ð®v´Á±æ¡A¹w´Á°ÝÃDªº¤Î®É³B²z¡A¥[±j®v¥Í·¾³q¡A«Ø¥ß¤¬«H¡B¯u¸Û¡B´L­«ªºÃö«Y¡C

Porter ©M Brophy

1996

1.±Ð¾Ç¥Ø¼Ð²M·¡¡F2.¼ô±x±Ð¾Ç¤º®e»P±Ð¾Çµ¦²¤¡F3.¤Þ¾É¾Ç¥ÍÁA¸Ñ±Ð®vªº´Á±æ¤Î¨ä­ì¦]¡F4.¼ô½m¦a¹B¥Î²{¦³ªº±Ð§÷¡F5.ÁA¸Ñ¾Ç¥Í¨Ã¨Ì¾Ú¾Ç¥Íªº­Ó§O»Ý­n¶i¦æ±Ð¾Ç¬¡°Ê¡A¦P®É¯à¹wª¾¾Ç¥Í¥i¯à²£¥Íªº¿ù»~¡F6.´£¨Ñ¾Ç¥Í«á³]»{ª¾ªºµ¦²¤¨Ã¤Þ¾É¾Ç¥Í¼ô½m¡F7.´£¨Ñ°ª§C¼h¦¸ªº»{ª¾¥Ø¼Ð¡F8.²Î¾ã¦U¾Ç¬ìªº±Ð¾Ç¡F9.¬°¾Ç¥Íªº¾Ç²ß¦¨´N­t³d¡F10.°w¹ï¦Û¤vªº±Ð¾Ç¬¡°Ê¥[¥H¤Ï¬Ù«ä¦Ò

Hudgins

1988

1.±Ð«Ç®ðª^¡G±Ð®v¹ï¾Ç¥Í¦æ¬°ªº´Á±æ¡B½Òµ{»P¾Ç·~¾É¦V¡B±Ð«ÇºÞ²zµ¥¡F2.´£¨Ñ°ÝÃDªº¼h¦¸¡G¥]§t°O¾Ð¡B²z¸Ñ¡BÀ³¥Î¡Bºî¦X¡B¤ÀªR¡BµûŲ¡F3.¤Þ¾É¹Lµ{¡G´£¨Ñ°ÝÃD¡B§@·~¡B¿Eµo¾Ç²ß·Ç³Æ¡F4.¦³ÅܤơF5.¼W±j§@¥Î¡F6.Á`µ²¡C

Marsh

1991

1.¾Ç²ß»ù­È¡F2.±Ð¾Ç¼ö§Õ¡F3.ªí¹F²M´·¡F4.¹ÎÅ餬°Ê¡F5.©M¿Ó®v¥ÍÃö«Y¡F6.½Òµ{¤º®e¡F7.µû¶q¤è¦¡¡F8.½Ò¥~«ü©w§@·~¡F9.¾Ç²ßÃø«×¡C

Borich

1994

 1.¦³®Ä±Ð¾Ç¥²¶·¦³²M´·©Ê¡F2.¦³®Ä±Ð¾Ç¥²¶·¬O¦h¼Ë©Ê¡F3.¦³®Ä±Ð¾Ç¥²¶·¬O¥ô°È¨ú¦V¡F4.¦³®Ä±Ð¾Ç¥²¶·¬O¥þ¤ß§ë¤Jªº¡F5.¦³®Ä±Ð¾Ç¥²¶·¬O´£°ª¾Ç²ß¦¨¥\ªº¤ñ¨Ò¡C

Rosenshine

1983

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ÄǹF´Ü

1997

«ü¼Ð¬O¹ï¬Y¤@©w°ì¤¤ªº¨C­Ó¤¸¯À¡A¦bª¾ÃÑ¡B§Þ¯à¡B¯à¤O¡BºA«×¤Î¦æ¬°¤Wµo®i©w¸q¡A©Îµo®i»P³W·Ç¦³Ãöªº¸gÅçªk«h

®}¶W¸t

1999

«ü¼Ð¬O¥Î¨Ó«ü¥X¡BÅã¥Ü¬YºØ¦s¦bªº²{¶H¡C¦Ó­n¨Ï¥Î«ü¼Ð¨Ó«ü¥X©ÎÅã¥Ü¬YºØ¦s¦bªº²{¶H¬O¦]¬°¸Ó²{¶H¸û¬°©â¶H¡A¤£©öª½±µ©Î¤£«K´ú¶q¡A¦]¦Ó¥H¥t¤@ºØ¸û¥i´ú¶q©ÎÆ[¹îªº«ü¼Ð¨Ó«ü¥X(indicate)©Îªí¼x(represent)¸Ó²{¶H¡C

±i¹f´I

1999

¡u«ü¼Ð¡v¬Oªí¥Ü¬YºØÅܼÆÀHµÛ®É¶¡©Î¦a°Ïªº¤£¦P¡A¬Û¹ï©ó°ò´ÁªºÅܤƱ¡§Î¡C¬O¤@ºØ²Î­pªº´ú¶q¡A¯à¤Ï¬M­«­n¼h­±ªº¥D­n²{¶H¡A¯à¹ï¬ÛÃöªº¼h­±¶i¦æ¥[Á`©Î¤À¤Æ¡A¹F¨ì¬ã¨s¤ÀªRªº¥Øªº¡C

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§õµX©ú

2001

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Johnston

1981

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Mayston ©M Jesson

1991

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OECD

1992

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1989

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1989

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1992

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1997

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1950

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1971

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1987

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