®a±ÚªvÀø¤§®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á(family life cycle)·§©À
´å¼z¥P
²H¤j±Ð¨|¤ß²z»P¿Ô°Ó©Ò
³ü¡B«e¨¥
®a®x¬OÓ¤Hºë¯«¤Îª«½è±H°U¤§«¤ß¡A¾¨ºÞ®a®xµ²ºc¡B®a®x¥\¯à·|ÀH®É¥NÅܾE¦Ó§ïÅÜ¡A¦ý®a®x¤´¬OÓ¤H¦¨ªø¡B¾Ç²ß¡BºA«×§Î¦¨¡B©Ê®æµo®i³Ìªì¡B³Ì«nªºÀô¹Ò¡C®a®x¤]¬O¤HÃþ¥Í¬¡¤¤³Ì°ò¥»¡B³Ì«nªº¤@ºØ¨î«×¡A®a®xªº§Î¦¨¬O¦b±B«Ã©Ó¿Õ¤Uªº²£ª«¡A¥Øªº¦b¾i¨à¨|¤k¡B©µÄò¥Í©R¡B¶Ç©Ó¤å¤Æ¡A¨Ã´£¨Ñ¥Í²z¡B¸gÀÙ¡B±¡·Pªº¤ä«ù¡A¥H«P¶i¥Í¦s¡]¦¶§Â¼Ó¡A1991¡^¡C®a®x¥»µL¥Í©R¡A¬O²Õ´®a®xªº¦¨û½á¤©¥¦¥Í©Rªº¡C¦b®a®x¤¤¡A®a¤HªºÃö«Y¬O¤¬°Êªº°ÊºA¨t²Î¡A¤£¬O©T©w¤£ÅÜ¡A¥¦ÀH®É³£¦b§ïÅÜ»P½Õ¾ã¡]¶ÀÄɼz¡A1996¡^¡C¦]¦¹¡A®a®x¤]¹³Ó¤H¤@¼Ë¡A¨ã¦³µo®i©Ê¡AÓ¤Hªº¤@¥Í¦Û¥X¥Í¦Ü¦º¤`¡A¤j¦h¸g¹L¤FÀ¦¨à´Á¡B¨àµ£´Á¡B¤Ö¦~´Á¡B«C¤Ö¦~´Á¡B§§¦~´Á¤Î¦Ñ¦~´Áµ¥¶¥¬q¡A¦Ó§Î¦¨¤@ӥͩR¶g´Á¡C¹L¥h¬ã¨s«ü¥X¦b±B«Ãªº¥Í©R¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¤£¦P¶¥¬q¥X²{¤F¤£¦Pªº°ÝÃD¡A¨C¤@¶¥¬qªþ±a¥²¶·§JªA¤§µo®i¥ô°È¡A·í¥²¶·¤§§Þ¯àµLªkÀ³¹ï¤@¶¥¬q¤§»Ý¨D®É¡A®a®x¥Í¬¡«~½è§Y¨ü¼vÅT¬Æ©Î¾ÉP®a®x¸Ñ²Õ¡]ÂŪö·¡A1996¡^¡C¦b±B«Ã»P®a®x¬ã¨s©Îµo®i¤ß²z¾Ç¤W¤]±`·|°Q½×®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áªº¤£¦P¶¥¬q»P©¯ºÖ±B«Ã¡]Marital
Happiness¡^¡B½Õ¾A¡]Adjustment¡^¡Bº¡¨¬¡]Satisfaction¡^¦³Ãö¡]Rollins& Feldman, 1970¡^¡CRollins©MCannon¡]1970¡^ºî¦X¥H©¹¦³Ãöªº¬ã¨s¡A«ü¥X¦b±B«Ã¥Í¬¡ªº«e´X¦~¡A¤Ò©d¥Í¬¡±N±Á{³\¦hªº§ïÅÜ¡A¤×¨ä¬O¤k©Ê¡A»Ý¶}©l¾Ç²ß¬°¤H©d¡AÕY¤S¥[¤W¤l¤k½Ï¥Í¡A¦¹®É¦b¥L¦³ªº¨¤¦â¤¤¤S¼W²K¤F¥À¿Ë¨¤¦â¡A¸gÀÙ¤WªºÀ£¤O¡A¥H¤Î¤u§@¤Wªºn¨Dµ¥³£¬O«P¨Ï±B«Ãº¡·N«×§ïÅܪº¦]¯À¡C½²¸Öíõ¡BJ²Qs¡]2001¡^«h°w¹ï°ê¤º¥~¬ÛÃö¬ã¨sµ²ªG¡A¤]µo²{¤j¦h¤ä«ù¥Í©R¶g´ÁªºÆ[ÂI¹ï±B«ÃÃö«Y¦³¼vÅT¡C
¬G¡A±q¥H¤W³o¨Ç¬ã¨s¤¤¥i¥Hµo²{¡u®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¡v¹ï®a®xªº«n©Ê¡B¹ïÓ¤Hªº¼vÅT©Ê¡A¿Ô°Ó¤HûnÁA¸ÑÓ¤H©M¥LÌ®a®xªº¤èªk¤§¤@´N¬O¥h¬ã¨s¥L̦b®a®x¥Í¬¡¶g´Á¤¤ªºµo®i¡C¥H¤U§Y±q®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áªº©w¸q¡B»P®a®xµo®iªºÃöÁp¡B²z½×µo®i¡B¼vÅT¦]¯À¡B»P®a±ÚªvÀøªºÃöÁp¨Ó±´°Q¡C
貮¡B®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áªº©w¸q
®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¡]family
life cycle¡^ªº·§©À·½¦ÛEvelyn Duvall & Reuben Hillªºµo®i¾Ç²z½×¡]Developmental Theory¡^¡]Olson & DeFrain,
2000, p.96¡^¡C¨äµÛ«©ó®a®xªº¹Lµ{¡A·í®a®x¸g¾ú§Î¦¨¡]Formation¡^¡Bµo®i¡]Development¡^¡BÂX¤j¡]Augmentation¡^»P°I®z¡]Decline¡^µ¥¶¥¬q¤§®É¡A¨C¤@Ó·s¶¥¬q±a¨Ó·sªºµo®i¤u§@¡A®a®x¦¨û¦b¤£¦Pªº¹Lµ{¤¤µo¥Í¤£¦Pªº¤¬°Ê¤è¦¡¡A¨Ï®a®xÀH¤§²£¥ÍÅܤơC±`¥Î¨Ó¿Å¶q®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áªº¤H¤f²ÎpÅܼƥ]¬A¡G±B«Ãª¬ªp¡B¦b®aªº¤l¤k¤H¼Æ¡B¦b®aªº¤l¤k¦~ÄÖ¡B®aªøªº¤u§@ª¬ªpµ¥¡]¿½¦g§g¡A2001¡^¡C¨ä·§©À¹ïªÀ·|¾Ç¡B¤HÃþ¾Ç¡B¤ß²z¾Çµ¥¬ã¨s¤¤³£¦³²ö¤jªº·N¸q¡A¨Ò¦p³z¹L¹ï®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áªº¤ÀªR¡A¥i¥H§ó¦n¦a¸ÑÄÀ°ü¤k´N·~¡B®a®x¦¨û¶¡ªºÃö«Y¡B®a®x@¥Î®ø¶O«~ªº»Ý¨D¡B³B©ó¤£¦P®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áªº¤H̤߲zª¬ºAªºÅܤƵ¥¡]¶À¤d¬À¡A1999¡^¡C
¦Ó©Ò¿×ªº®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á´N¬O±N®a®x«ö·Ó¨äµo®i¹Lµ{¡A¹º¤À¦¨Y¤zÓ¤£¦Pªº¶¥¬q¡]½²·ç¦t¡A1996¡^¡C¶À¤d¬À¡]1999¡^§Y«ü¥X®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áµø®a®x¬°¤@Ó¦³¥Í©RªºÓÅé¡A±q¥X¥Í¡B¦¨ªø¡B¦¨¼ô¡B°I°h¨ì¦º¤`¡A¦p¦P¤@Ó¦³¥Í©RªºÓÅé¡A´`§Çº¥¶i¡F¬Û¦P¦a¡A®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áªº¶¥¬q¤£¦P¡A«K¦³¤£¦Pªºµo®i¥ô°È»P¯S½è¡C¨C¤@¶¥¬q¥ô°Èªº§¹¦¨¹ï®a®xªºµo®i¬O¬Û·í¨ã¼vÅT¤Oªº¡]ÂŪö·¡A1986¡^¡C¶À¤d¬À¤]»{¬°·í®a®xµLªk¦]À³·í¤U¶¥¬qªº¯S®í»Ý¨D¡A©Î¬OµLªk¹F¦¨¦¹¤@¶¥¬qªº¥ô°È»Ý¨D¡A¶i¦Ó©¿²¤°ÝÃD¦Óª½±µÅD¤J¤U¤@¶¥¬q®É¡A´N¥i¯à¾ÉP®a®x°±º¢¤£«e©Î©µ½w¤U¤@¶¥¬qªº¦¨ªø¡AÄY«ªÌ¥i¯à³y¦¨®a®xªº¥Ë¸Ñ¡C¦Ó¤Ò©dÃö«Y§Î¦¨©ó®a®x¥Í©R´`Àôªº¦´Á¶¥¬q¡A©¹«áÀHµÛ®a®x¦¨¼ô¦ÓÂX¤j¡A¥]¬A»P¤l¤k¤§¶¡ªº¿Ë¤lÃö«Y¡B¼¾¾i¤l¤kªø¤j¦¨¤H¡Aª½¦Ü¤l¤k¦¨®a©ÎÂ÷®a®É¡A®a®x¤S«ì´_¥H¤Ò©dÃö«Y¬°¥Dªº¥Í¬¡¡]¦¶§Â¼Ó¡A1991¡^¡C®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¬°¤@®a®xµo®iªº¾úµ{¡A¶}©l©ó¤Ò©dªºµ²¦X¡AÀHµÛ¤l¤kªº¥X¥Í¦¨ªø¦Ó¦³¤£¦P¶¥¬qªºµo®i¡C
°Ñ¡B®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á»P®a®xµo®iªºÃöÁp
®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¬O®Ú¾Ú®a®xµo®i·§©À¦Ól¥Xªº¡]ù¦w²|¡A1990¡^¡C®a®xµo®i²z½×¥Dn¦b±´°Q¬Y¤@©T©w®É¶¡¤º©Î¬Y¤@®É´Á¤¤¡A®a®x»P¤H¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y¤Î¨ä»P¥~¦bÀô¹Ò¤¬°Ê¤§¬Û¤¬¼vÅT±¡§Î¡]ÂŪö·¡A1996¡^¡C¦¹²z½×µø®a®xµS¦p¤@¹ÎÅé©Î¥Í©Rªº¦³¾÷Åé¡A¨ãÂX±i¡B¾E²¾¡B¦¬ÁYªº³W«ß¼Ò¦¡¡C¤Þ¥Ó¦Ó¨¥¡A¦b¾ãÓµo®i¹Lµ{¡A®a®x¾ú¸g¥X¥Í¡B¦¨ªø¡B°I°h¤Î¦º¤`¡A¨ã«ùÄò©Ê¥BÀH®a®x¥i¹w´Á¸g¾úªº¨Æ¥ó¡A¦pµ²±B¡B¤l¤kªº¥X¥Í¤Î¦¨ªø¡A¥H¦Ü¤l¤kÂ÷®a¤Î°h¥ðµ¥®a®x¨Æ¥óªºµo¥Í¡A³y¦¨®a®xµ²ºc»Pµo®i¥ô°ÈªºÅܤơ]Mattessich & Hill, 1987¡^¡C¦]¦¹¡AÂŪö·¤]«ü¥X®a®xµo®i²z½×ªº°ò¥»·§©À§Y»{¬°¨C¤@®a®x§¡¦³¨ä®a®x¥Í¬¡¥v¡A¥B¨üªÀ·|®É¶¡¦w±Æ¡B¶¶§Ç³W½d©Ò³W©w¡A¥H´`¥i¹w´ú¤§¶¥¬qÁÚ¶i¡CY¤@Ó®a®x©ÎÓÅé¦b®a®x¨Æ¥óªº¥¿±`¶¶§Ç¤¤²æ¸`¡A±N¼vÅT«á¨Ó¥Í¬¡ªºÃ©w¡C¦b³o¨Çµo®i¶¥¬q¤¤¡A³Ì«nªº¤T¤¸¯À¬O®É´Á¡B¦~ÄÖ»P¥X¥Í¥@¥N¡]ù¦w²|¡A1990¡^¡C¤@Ó¶¥¬qµo®i¨ì¥t¤@¶¥¬q®É¡A¥i¥Ñ²{¦b¶¥¬q¤º¤TÓ¤¸¯ÀªºÂàÅܱ¡§Î¤Î¦¹¶¥¬q«ùÄò®É¶¡¦Ó³Q¹wª¾¡A§e²{¥X®a®x¶¥¬q¤§¶¶§Ç©M¤£¦P»Ý¨D¥ô°È¡]Klein & White, 1996¡^¡C®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á°ò¥»¤W¬O¥H®a®xµo®iªº¹Lµ{¨Ó¤ÀªR®a®x¤¤ªºÓ¤H¥»¨¡B®a®x¦¨û¶¡¡B®a®x»PªÀ·|¤¬°Êªº§ïÅÜ»P½Õ¾A¡A¦]¦¹¶¥¬qªº¶¶§Ç©Ê»P¥ô°È¯S½èµ¥¬Ò¬°®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á©Ò±j½Õ¡]±ç·R¬Â¡A1995¡^¡C¦]¬°®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áªº·§©Àºî¦X¤F¤H¤f¾Ç¤¤¦û¤¤¤ß¦a¦ìªº±B«Ã¡B¥Í¨|¡B¦º¤`µ¥¬ã¨s½ÒÃD¡C
Mattessich©M Hill¡]1987¡^«ü¥X Duvall©MHillº¥ý±N¥Í©R¶g´Á»P¤HÃþµo®iÆ[ÂIµ²¦X¡Aµø®a®xµo®i¬°²Õ´¤@®M«P¶i®a®x¦¨ûªºµo®i»P¦¨ªø¼Ò¦¡¡A¤§«áGlick´£¥X®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¤@µü¡A±N®a®xµo®i¹º¤À¥X¶H¼x©Êªº¶¥¬q¡A¨Ã¨Ìªì±B¡B¤l¤k¼¾¨|®É¶¡¡B¤l¤k¼Æµ¥§@¬°®a®x¶¥¬q»¼éQªº°Ñ·Ó¼Ð·Ç¡AGlickªº¬ã¨s¬°®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á«Ø¥ß¤F¤H¤f²Îp¾Ç¤¤¥i´yzªº¤u¨ã¡C¦ÓDuvall¡]1977¡^¥H®a®x¤¤²Ä¤@Ó¤l¤kªº¥Íªø¹Lµ{±Ð¨|¶¥¬q§@¬°¤ÀÃþªº°ò¦¡A©Ò´£¥X®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áªº¤KÓ¶¥¬q¡A§ó¦¨¬°«á¨Ó¬ã¨s¾ÇªÌ³Ì±`³Q¤Þ¥Îªº®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¤§¶¥¬q¤ÀÃþ¤è¦¡¡C
ºî¦X¨¥¤§¡A®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áµø®a®xµS¦p¤@¥Í©RÓÅé¡A±q¥X¥Í¨ì¦¨ªø¡B¦¨¼ô¡B°I°h¦Ü¦º¤`¡A¸g¾ú¤@³s¦ê¶¥¬q©Î¨Æ¥ó¡C¥Ñ©ó³B©ó¬Û¦P¶¥¬qªº®a®x¡A¤j¦h¾ú¸g¬Û¦üªº®É¶¡¦w±Æ»P¶¥¬q³sÄò©Ê¡A¦Ó¦³µÛ¬Û¦üªº±¡ªp¡B«Ý§JªAªº§xÃø¤Î»Ýn§¹¦¨ªº¶¥¬q¥ô°È»P¯S½è¡C¦]¦¹¡A³o¨Ç¾úµ{§Ï©»¤@ºØ¥Í©Rªºy¹D¡A¥H¬°®a®x©Ò¨Ì·ÓÂàÅÜ¡A¨Ã¥i´£¨Ñ¤HÌ¿ë»{®a®x³o¨t²Î¦b®É¶¡ªººtÅܤ¤¡A¤@Ó¦³²Õ´ªº¤ÀªR¬[ºc¡]´^Ãh¯u¡A1996¡^¡C
¸v¡B®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áªº²z½×µo®i
³o²z½×»{¬°®a®x»P±B«Ã¬O±Ôz¶i¤Æªº¹Lµ{¡]½²¸Öíõ¡A2001¡^¡C±B«Ã»P®a®x´N¦P¤@Ó¤H¡A¤]·|ÀH®É¶¡¦Óµo®i¡A¥iºÙ¤§¬°¡uµo®i²z½×¡v¡C¥¦À˵ø¤F®a®x¥Í¬¡¦UÓ¤£¦Pµo®i¶¥¬qªº¥ô°È»P¼vÅT¡A¨Ò¦p¡G¤l¤k¨ÓÁ{«e¡B¤l¤k¤J¾Ç«á¡B¤Î¤l¤kÂ÷®a«áªº®a®x¥Í¬¡¯S¼x¡A¦U¦³¨ä¤£¦Pªºµo®i¥ô°È¡C¥¦¤]¥]§t¤F¦b³o¨ÇÅܾE¹Lµ{¤¤¡A®a®x¤º¤H»ÚÃö«Yªº¬ã¨s¡CÁöµM¨CÓ¤Hªº±B«Ã¥Í¬¡±¡ªp»Pª¬ªp¦U¦³¤£¦P¡A¦ý¬O¨CÓ¤H±B«Ã¥Í¬¡³£·|¸g¹L¤@¨Ç¥²µMªº¶¥¬q»P¹Lµ{¡A±Á{¤£¦Pªº°ÝÃD¡C³Ì¦¦³Ãö³o¤è±¬ã¨sªº¾ÇªÌ¬OªÀ·|¾Ç®aSorokinµ¥¤H¡]1931¡^ªº¤ÀÃþ¡C¤§«áªº¤@¨Ç¾ÇªÌ¤]³°³°ÄòÄò¹ï³o¤è±§@¤ÀªR¡A¥]¬AGlick¡]1947¡A1957¡^¡ARodgers¡]1964, 1973¡^¡AHill¡]1970¡^¡ADuvall¡]1971,
1979¡^¡AFreeman¡]1982¡^¡ABarker¡]1984¡^µ¥¤H§ó±N³oºØ¤Àªkl¥Í¬°¤»Ó©Î§ó¦hÓ±B«Ã¥Í¬¡´Á¡]The Marital Life Cycle¡^¡A¥B¦b¨CÓ¶¥¬q¶¡³£¦ñÀHµÛ¦M¾÷¦s¦b¡]ÂŪö·¡A1996¡^¡C¨ì¤F1960¦~¥N±ß´Á¡A®a®x¥Í¬¡¶g´Áªº²z½×¬[ºc«h¦b¥Ñ®a®xªÀ·|¾Ç®aDuvall§@¶i¤@¨B×¹¢¡CDuvall¬°®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á´£¥X¦p¦¹µù¸Ñ¡u®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¦³¦p¬K¯Ñ¡B®L§@¡B¬î¦¬¡B¥VÂÃÅÜ¤Æ¬Û·í¦³³W«ß¡A¦ý¨CÓ®a®x¦³¨ä¿W¯S©Ê¦³¦p¤H¥Í·|¤£Â_¦¨ªø»P§ïÅÜ¡v¡FºI¦Ü¥Ø«e¬°¦¹¡ADuvallªº¬[ºc³Ì±`³Q´£¤Î±Ä¥Î¡CDuvallªº®a®x¥Í¬¡¶g´Á²z½×¬[ºc°¾«©ó¹ïµo®i¹Lµ{¤¤³Ì»Ýn¤§¥ô°È¡]task¡^¡A³o¨Ç§Þ¯à¥]¬A¥Í²z¤W¤§¦¨¼ô»PªÀ·|À£¤O¡]¤ß²z¤W¡^¡C¥L»{¬°®aªø»PÓ¤H¤§¥Íªø¹Lµ{¤@¼Ë¡A¥¦ªº¦¨ªø¥²¶·¸g¹L¤@¨Ç¯S©w¤§¶¥¬q¡A¨CÓ¶¥¬q§¡¦Ü¦³¤TºØ»Ý¨D¥²¶·º¡¨¬¡G¥Í²z¤Wªº»Ý¨D¡B¤å¤Æ³W½d¡A¥H¤ÎÓ¤H¤§©êt»P»ùÈÅé¨t¡C·í³o¨Ç»Ý¨D¯à¥H§Þ¯à©Î¹ê°È¨Óº¡¨¬®É¡A«h¦¹®aªø±N¬O§Ö¼Ö»Pº¡¨¬ªº¡A§_«h§Y¬O¤£©¯ºÖ©Î¤£º¡¨¬ªº¡C
µM¦Ó®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áªº¶¥¬q¹º¤À¡A¦]¨üªÀ·|Àô¹ÒÅܾEÂà´«»P®a®xµ²ºc¦h¼Ë¤Æ¼vÅT¡A¦Ü¤µ¤´µL©w½×¡C³\¦h¾ÇªÌ§¡¦³¤£¦Pªº¤ÀÃþ¤èªk¡A¦´Á¦pSorokin¡BZimmerman»PGalpin¡]1931¡^¡BBigelow¡]1942¡^¡BDuvall¡]1977¡^µ¥¹º¤À¡A¸û±j½Õ®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áªº¶¶§Ç¶¥¬q¡CµM¦ÓÀHµÛªÀ·|ªºÅܾE¡Bªì±B¦~ÄÖªº©µ«á¡B¤£±B²v»PÂ÷±B²vªº´£°ª©M¤l¤k¼Æªº´î¤Öµ¥¡A¦´Á¹º¤À¤§®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áªº¶¶§Ç¶¥¬q¡A¤w¨ü¨ì³\¦h¨î¡C©ó¬O¡A¦³¨Ç¾ÇªÌ¡A¦pElder¡BBengtson»PAllenµ¥¡A¶}©l±NµJÂI©ñ¦bÓÅé¤W¡A´£¥XÓÅé¥Í©R¶g´Á¤ÀªR¡]¤Þ¦ÛKlein & White, 1996¡^¡A»{¬°¨C¤@®a®xµo®i¤£¦A±j½Õ¨Ì§Ç¡B¤£¥i¸õÅD¦a¸g¾ú¨C¤@¶¥¬q¡A¦Ó±µ¯Çµo®i¾úµ{¤¤«·s¸g¾ú¶¥¬q©Î¸õÅD¦UÓ¶¥¬q¡]Danko & Schaninger, 1993¡^¡C®Ú¾ÚDanko©MSchaninger±N¦´Á¦pDuvall¡]1977¡^¡BWells»PGubar¡]1966¡^µ¥¾ÇªÌ±j½Õ¶¥¬q¨Ì§Ç©Ò¹º¤À¤§®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¡AºÙ¬°¶Ç²Î®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¶¥¬q¡]traditional
life cycle model¡^¡A±N«á¨Ó±µ¯Çµo®i¾úµ{¤¤«·s¸g¾ú¶¥¬q©Î¸õÅD¦UÓ¶¥¬q¡A¦pMurphy»PStaples¡]1979¡^¡BGilly»PEnis¡]1982¡^µ¥¾ÇªÌ©Ò¹º¤À¤§®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¡AºÙ¬°²{¥N®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¶¥¬q¡]modernized life cycle model¡^¡C
¥H¤U§Y¹ï®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áªº¬ã¨sµo®i»P¦U¾ÇªÌ¹ï®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¶¥¬qªº¹º¤À±¡§Î³v¤@»¡©ú¡C
¤@¡B¶Ç²Î®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¹º¤À
¶Ç²Î¥Í©R¶g´Á¤D«Y®Ú¾Ú¤H¥Í¦UÓ«n®É´Á¶¥¬q§@¬°¤@¯ë¹º¤À¼Ð·Ç¡A©l©ó³æ¨´Á¡B¶i¤J¨â¤H±B«Ã¶¥¬q¡BºCºC¦a«Ä¤l¥X¥Í¡B¤W¾Ç¡BÂ÷®a¦Ü¥~¤u§@©Î¥t¿v®a®x¡B³Ì«áÁÚ¤J³à°¸¿W©~¶¥¬q¡A±j½Õ¶¥¬q¨Ì§Ç©Ò¹º¤À¤§®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¡Cªí¤@¬°¦U¾Ç¬£¾ÇªÌ¹ï¶Ç²Î¥Í©R¶g´Á¤§¤£¦P°Ï¤À¤èªk¡G
ªí¤@ ¶Ç²Î¥Í©R¶g´Á°Ï¤À¤èªk
¬ã¨sªÌ |
¶Ç²Î®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¶¥¬q |
Sorokin, Zimmerman & Galpin¡]1931¡^ ¡i®Ú¾Ú®a®x¤º¦¨ûªº²Õ¦X§ïÅܬ°¤ÀÃþ°ò¦¡j |
èµ²±Bªº¤Ò©d ¤Ò©dè¥Í¦³¤@©Î¦hÓ¤l¤k ¤Ò©d¦³¤@өΤ@Ó¥H¤W¯à¿W¥ß¦Û¥Dªº¦¨¦~¤l¤k ÁÚ¤J¦Ñ¦~ªº¤Ò©d |
Bigelow¡]1942¡^ ¡]¤Þ¦ÛMurphy & Staples, 1979¡^ ¡i¨Ì¾Ú¡u®a®x¥Í²P¤£¦P¶¥¬q¡F®a®x¦¬¤J¤Îª÷¿ú¤ä¥X¤è¦¡¡F¥H¤Î«Ä¤l±µ¨ü±Ð¨|±¡§Î¡v¤T¶µ¦]¯À¡A±N®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¹º¤À¬°¤CӮɴÁ¡A¾ã¦X¤l¤k¨ü±Ð¨|±¡§Î»P®a®x¦¬¤J¤Îª÷¿ú¤ä¥X¤è¦¡¡j |
®a®x«Ø¥ß´Á ¾i¨|¤l¤k¤Î¾ÇÄÖ«e¤l¤k´Á ¤p¾Ç´Á ¤¤¾Ç´Á ¤j¾Ç´Á ®a®x¸gÀÙ«ì´_´Á °h¥ð´Á |
Wells& Gubar¡]1966¡^ ¡i¥H¤÷¥À¤Î³Ì¤p¤l¤k¦~ÄÖ¡B´N·~ª¬ºA¬°¤ÀÃþ¤Àªk¡A¦¨¬°®a®x¤Î®ø¶O¥«³õ¬ã¨sªº«n°ò¦¡j |
¦~»´³æ¨´Á ¦~´Á·s±B´Á¡GµL¤l¤k º¡±_¤@´Á¡G³Ì¤p¤l¤k¤p©ó6·³ º¡±_¤G´Á¡G³Ì¤p¤l¤k¤j©óµ¥©ó6·³ º¡±_¤T´Á¡G¸û¦~ªø¡A¤l¤k¬Ò¥¼¿W¥ß ªÅ±_¤@´Á¡G¤´´N·~¡A¤k¤l¿W¥ß ªÅ±_¤G´Á¡G¤w°h¥ð¡A¤l¤k¿W¥ß ¿W©~¤@´Á¡G¤´´N·~¡AªÅ±_©ÎÂ÷²§ ¿W©~¤G´Á¡G¤w°h¥ð¡AªÅ±_©ÎÂ÷²§ |
Duvall¡]1977¡^ ¡i¨Ì¾Ú³Ì¤j¤l¤k§@¬°¶¥¬q¹º¤Àªº°Ñ¦Ò°òÂI¡A¦A«ö·Ó¨ä¥Íªø¹Lµ{¤Î±Ð¨|¶¥¬q¹º¤À¡j |
·s±B¶¥¬q¡GµL¤l¤k ¾i¨|¥®¨à¶¥¬q¡G²Ä¤@Ó¤l¤k¥X¥Í~2·³¥b ¾ÇÄÖ«e´Á¶¥¬q¡G²Ä¤@Ó¤l¤k2·³¥b~6·³ ¾ÇÄ֨ൣ¶¥¬q¡G²Ä¤@Ó¤l¤k6~13·³ «C¤Ö¦~¶¥¬q¡G²Ä¤@Ó¤l¤k13~20·³ µo®g¤¤¤ß¶¥¬q¡G²Ä¤@Ó¤l¤kÂ÷®a¨ì³Ì¤p¤l¤kÂ÷®a ¤¤¦~¶¥¬q¡GªÅ±_¨ì°h¥ð ¦Ñ¤¤¦~¶¥¬q¡G°h¥ð¨ì¦º¤` |
Wagner & Hanna¡]1983¡^ |
¦~»´³æ¨´Á¡G45·³¥H¤U¡A±q¥¼µ²±B ·s±B´Á¡G·s±B·íµL¤l¤k º¡±_¤@´Á¡G³Ì¤pªº¤l¤k¦b6·³¥H¤U º¡±_¤G´Á¡G³Ì¤pªº¤l¤k¤j©ó6·³ º¡±_¤T´Á¡G¤l¤k¤w¤Q¦h·³±µªñ¦¨¦~ ªÅ±_¤@´Á¡G¤l¤k¤£¦í®aùØ ªÅ±_¤G´Á¡G¤Ò°ü¬ÛÄ~°h¥ð ¹è©~´Á¡G°t°¸¤§¤@¥i¯à¦º¤` |
Schiffman & Kanuk¡]2000¡^ |
³æ¨´Á¡G¦~»´¥¼±Bªº¦¨¦~¤H¡A¤£»P¤÷¥À¦P¦í ·s±B»e¤ë´Á¡G¦~»´ªº¤w±B¤Ò°ü¡A¦¹¶¥¬q±q·s±B¦Ü²Ä¤@Ó¤l¤k¥X¥Í¤î ¿Ë¤l´Á¡G¤w±B¤Ò°ü¡A¦Ü¤Ö¤@Ó¤p«Ä¦í®a¤¤ ªÅ±_´Á¡G¦~ªø¤w±B¤Ò°ü¡AµL¤l¤k¦í®a¤¤ ¿W©~´Á¡G¤w±B°h¥ðªÌ©Î°h¥ð³à°¸¿W©~ªÌ¡A¶È¤@¤H¿W©~ |
¤G¡B²{¥N®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¶¥¬q¹º¤À
ÀHµÛªÀ·|ªºÅܾE¡A³\¦hªº®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¶¥¬qµLªk¦p¥H©¹¯ë¨èªO¡B¨Ì§Çªº¹º¤À¡C³o¨Ç²{¶H¥]§tªñ¦~¨Ó·s¤Hªºµ²±B®É¶¡©µ¿ð¡A¬Æ¦Ü¶É¦V¤£±B¡F·U¨Ó·U¦hªº¤Ò°ü¿ï¾Ü¨â¤H¥@¬É¡A¾ÉP¤l¤k¼Æªº´î¤Ö¡FÂ÷±B²vªº´£°ª¡A²£¥Í³\¦h³æ¿Ë®a®x¡F©ÊÆ[©Àªº¶}©ñ¡A¦P©~¼Ò¦¡ªº´¶¤Îµ¥µ¥¡A¬G¦³¾ÇªÌ´£¥X²{¥N®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¡A»{¬°®a®xµo®i¤£¦A±j½Õ¨Ì§Ç¡B¤£¥i¸õÅD¥ô¦ó¶¥¬q¡A¦Ó¬O»{¦P¨C¤@¶¥¬q¬Ò¥i«·s¸g¾ú¡]¦p¦A±B¡^©Î¸õÅD¡]¦p¥¼±B¥Í¤l¤§®a®x¡^¡A¨ä¥Dn¬ã¨s¾ÇªÌ¤Î¨ä¤ÀÃþ¤è¦¡¦pªí¤G¡G
ªí¤G ²{¥N®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á°Ï¤À¤èªk
¬ã¨sªÌ |
²{¥N®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¶¥¬q |
Murphy & Staples¡]1979¡^ ¡i²[»\¶Ç²Î»P«D¶Ç²Î®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áy¸ñ¡j |
¦~»´³æ¨ ¦~»´¤w±B¡AµL¤l¤k ¨ä¥L¦~»´¶¥¬q ¦~»´Â÷±B¡AµL¤l¤k ¦~»´¤w±B¡A¦³¤l¤k ¦~»´Â÷±B¡A¦³¤l¤k ¤¤¦~¶¥¬q ¤¤¦~¤w±B¡AµL¤l¤k ¤¤¦~Â÷±B¡AµL¤l¤k ¤¤¦~¤w±B¡A¦³¤l¤k ¤¤¦~Â÷±B¡A¦³¤l¤k ¤¤¦~¤w±B¡AµL¥¼¿W¥ß¤l¤k ¤¤¦~Â÷±B¡AµL¥¼¿W¥ß¤l¤k ¦Ñ¦~¶¥¬q ¦Ñ¦~¤w±B¡AµL¥¼¿W¥ß¤l¤k ¦Ñ¦~¥¼±B¡BÂ÷±B©ÎªÅ±_ |
Gilly»PEnis¡]1982¡^ ¡i®Ú¾Ú²{¥N®a®x²Õ¦¨µ²ºc¡A´£¥X¤@¥iÂàÅܪº®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áy¸ñ¡A¥B¤£¦P©ó¨ä¥L¼Ò¦¡¨Ì¤V¤Ò¦~ÄÖ¬°¶¥¬q¹º¤À¡A¦Ó§ï¥H©d¤l¦~ÄÖ35¦Ü65·³¬°¹º¤À°òÂI¡j |
³æ¨¤@´Á¡G¤p©ó35·³ ³æ¨¤G´Á¡G35¦Ü65·³ ³æ¨¤T´Á¡G¤j©ó©Îµ¥©ó65·³ ·s±B¡GµL¤l¤k ³æ¿Ë¡G¦~»´©Î¤¤¦~³æ¿Ë º¡±_¤@´Á¡G¤p©ó35·³¥B¤l¤k¤p©ó6·³ ©µ¿ðº¡±_¡G¤j©ó35·³¥B¤l¤k¤p©ó6·³ º¡±_¤G´Á¡B¤T´Á¡G³Ì¤p¤l¤k¤j©ó©Îµ¥©ó6·³ ¦Ñ¦~°ü |
Hawkins, Roger & Coney ¡]¤Þ¦Û²s¥É¡A1999¡^ ¡i§Q¥Î±B«Ãª¬ªp¡B¤l¤k¬O§_¦í¦b®a¤¤µ¥¤G¶µÅܶµ¹º¤À¡j |
¦~»´³æ¨¡G¤p©ó35·³ ·s±B¤Ò°ü¡G¤p©ó35·³¤§¦~»´¤Ò°ü¡AµL¤l¤k º¡±_¤@´Á¡G¤p©ó35·³¤§¦~»´¤Ò°ü¡A¦³¤l¤k ³æ¿Ë®a®x¤@´Á¡G¤p©ó35·³¤§¦~»´¤Ò°ü¡A¦³¤l¤k ¤¤¦~³æ¨¡G35¦Ü64·³¡A¥]¬A¥¼±BªÌ¤Î¨S¦³¼¾¾i¤l¤k³d¥ô¤§Â÷±BªÌ ªÅ±_¤@´Á¡G¤¤¦~¤w±B¤Ò°ü¡AµL¤l¤k¦b®a¡A¦¹¶¥¬q¥ç¥]¬A¤G«×±B«Ãªº¤Ò°ü¡A¨ä«e¤Ò©Î«e©dªº¤l¤k¤£»P¥L̦P¦í¡F©Î¤l¤k¤w¸gÂ÷®aªº¤Ò°ü º¡±_¤G´Á¡G¤¤¦~¤Ò°ü¡A¤l¤k¦b®a ³æ¿Ë®a®x¤G´Á¡G35¦Ü64·³ªº³æ¿Ë¡A¤l¤k¦b®a ªÅ±_¤G´Á¡G¦~ªø¤Ò°ü¡A¤l¤k¤w·h¥X ¦~ªø³æ¨ |
±q¥H¤Wªº¬ã¨s¤¤¥i¥Hµo²{¡A®a®x¸gÀÙª¬ªp»P¤p«Äªº¦¨ªø¬O®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¦´Áµo®iªº¥Dn¤À¶¥¬q¨Ì¾Ú¡A¦pSorokin, Zimmerman & Galpin¡]1931¡^¤ÎBigelow¡]1942¡^¡C¨ì¤F1948¦~¡A¡u¬ü°ê®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á°ê®a·|ij¡v¨Ì¾Ú®a¤¤³Ì¤j¤l¤kªº¦¨ªø¶¥¬q°µ¹º¤À«ü¼Ð¡A²z¥Ñ¬O³Ì¤j¤l¤k¸g±`¬O±a»â®a®x¶i¤J¤@Ó¹ñ·s¤S¯¥Í¸gÅ窺ÃöÁäÓÅé¡]Rapopprt & Rapopprt, 1978¡^¡C1956¦~Duvall´N´£¥X®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¥H³Ì¤j¤l¤k°µ¬°¶¥¬q¹º¤Àªº°Ñ¦Ò°òÂI¡A¦A«ö¨ä¥Íªø¹Lµ{¤Î±Ð¨|¶¥¬q¨Ó¨M©w¡A±N®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¤À¬°¤KÓ¶¥¬q¡A±j½Õ®a®x¬O¤@Ó¾ãÅé¥B¥]§tÓ¤Hµo®iªº¤TÓ¦V«×¡]ªÀ·|±¡B¥Íª«±¡B¤ß²z±¡^¡A¨Ã¥BÂk¯Ç¥X¤@Ө嫬ªº®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¡]¶À¤d¬À¡A1999¡^¡C ®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áµo®i¦Ü¦¹¡A³Ì¤j¤l¤kªº¦¨ªø¶¥¬q¦¨¬°¥Dn¤À¶¥¬qªº¨Ì¾Ú¡A«á¨ÓÀ³¥Î¬Û¦P¤ÀÃþ¤è¦¡ªº¾ÇªÌ©|¦³Bollman¡BMoxley & Elliot¡]1975¡^¡BBurr¡]1989¡^¡B·¨¨qªÛ¡]1988¡^µ¥¡CWitt©MGoodale¡]1981¡^¦b¬ã¨s¡u®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á»P®a®x¥ð¶¢ªýꪺÃö«Y®É¡v¡A«h¨Ì¾Ú¡u³Ì¤p¤l¤k¦~ÄÖ¡v±N®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¹º¤À¬°¤Ó¶¥¬q¡GµL¤p«Ä¶¥¬q¡B¥®¸X¶¥¬q¡]1-5·³¡^¡B°ê¤p¶¥¬q¡]6-12·³¡^¡B¤¤¾Ç¶¥¬q¡]13-18·³¡^¤Î¤p¾Ç¥H¤W¶¥¬q¡]19·³¥H¤W¡^¡C±ßªñ®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¶¥¬q¹º¤Àªº¥Dn¨Ì¾Ú¦³¤G¡A¤@¬°³Ì¤p¤l¤kªº¦~ÄÖ¡A°ê¤º¾ÇªÌ¦hÀ³¥Î¤§¡A¦pÁ«B¥Í¡]1982¡^¡B¿c¼z©É¡]1990¡^¡F¤@¬°¤l¤k¶i¥X®a®xªºÂ²³æ¹º¤Àªk¡AÀ³¥ÎªÌ¦pRonald¡]1992¡^¡CKelly¡]1983¡^«h¥H¤l¤kªº¦³µL¤Î¨ä¿W¥ß»P§_¡A²³æ¦a±N®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¹º¤À¬°¤TÓ¶¥¬q¡G¬°¤H¤÷¥À¤§«e¡]pre-parental¡^¡B¤÷¥À¡]parental¡^¡B¬°¤H¤÷¥À¤§«á¡]post-parental¡^¡CRapopprt & Rapopprt¡]1978¡^¬O±Ä¥Î³Ì²³æªº¹º¤Àªk¡A¨Ì¾Ú®a®x¦¨ûªº¼W´î¤À¬°¡u®a®xÂX±i´Á¡v¤Î¡u®a®x¦¬ÁY´Á¡v¡CWanger©MHanna¡]1983¡^¦b¬ã¨s®ø¶OªÌ¯S©Ê®É¡A±N®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¤À¬°¤KÓ¶¥¬q¡G¦~»´³æ¨´Á¡B·s±B´Á¡Bº¡±_¤@´Á¡Bº¡±_¤G´Á¡Bº¡±_¤T´Á¡BªÅ±_¤@´Á¡BªÅ±_¤G´Á»P¹è©~´Á¡CCarter©MMcGoldrick¡]1988¡^¥H¤¤²£¶¥¯Å¡B®Ö¤ß®a®xªº®a®x¬°¬ã¨s¹ï¶H¡A±N®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á°Ï¹j¬°¤»Ó¶¥¬q¡G³æ¨¡B·s±B¡B«C¤Ö¦~¤l¤k®É´Á¡B¤l¤kÂ÷®a´Á©M®a®x±ß¦~´Á¡F¨C¤@Ó¶¥¬q³£¥]§t¤F½Õ¾A¡B¥ô°È©M§ïÅܵ¥Ä³ÃD¡CCarter©MMcGoldrick±ßªñ®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áµo®iªº¥t¤@¨ú¦V«h¬O±q³æ¨¦¨¦~´Á¶}©l¡A±Ä¨úì¥Í®a®x¹ïÓ¤H¿ï¾Ü®a®x¦ñ«Q¡A¤Î¯à§_¦¨¥\ªº¹ê²{®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áªº¦UÓ¶¥¬q¦³²`»·¼vÅTªºÆ[ÂI¡C¹ï©ó¤Wz¾ÇªÌªº¹º¤À¤]¦³¤H±Ä¨úºî¦Xªº¤è¦¡¡A¦p±ç·R¬Â¡]1995¡^ºî¦XDuvallªº²Ó¤À¼Ò¦¡»PWitt©MGoodale¡]1981¡^ªº³Ì¤p¤l¤k¦~ÄÖ§@¬°¶¥¬q°Ï¤À°òÂIªº¤è¦¡¡A±N®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¹º¤À¬°¤Ò©d®É´Á¡]¬ù0-3¦~¡^¡BÀ¦¥®¨à®É´Á¡]0-2·³¡^¡B¾ÇÄÖ«e®É´Á¡]3-5·³¡^¡B°ê¤p¾ÇÄ֨ൣ®É´Á¡]6-12·³¡^¡B°ê¤¤«C¤Ö¦~®É´Á¡]13-18·³¡^¤Î«C¦~´Á¥H¤W®É´Á¡]19·³¥H¤W¡^µ¥¤»Ó¶¥¬q¡C
Barnhill¤ÎLong¡]1978¡^«h¨Ì´`DuvallµÛ¦Wªº®a®xµo®i¤KÓ¶¥¬q¡A¦b®a®x¸g¾úªº¨CÓ¶¥¬q¤¤°Ï¤À¥X¯S§O»Ýn¨ó½ÕªºÂà§éÂI¡C¥LÌ¥D±i®a®x©MÓ¤H¤@¼Ë·|©TµÛ©Î°±¯d¦b®a®xµo®iªº¬YÓ¶¥¬q¡A¦]¦¹¥i¯àµLªk¦b¾A·íªº®É¾÷§@¥²nªºÂàÅÜ¡F¦P¼Ë©MÓ¤H¤@¼Ë¡A¦bÀ£¤O¤U¡A®a®x¥i¯à·|°h¤Æ¨ì¥ý«e¤w¸g«×¹Lªº¥Í¬¡¶g´Á¶¥¬qªºÂà§éÂI¡CCarter©MMcGoldrick¡]1988¡^¹ï©ó¦h«À£¤O¹ï®a®xÂà§é¤§¼vÅT´£¥X¤F§ó¥]®eªº¥N¶¡Æ[ÂI¡CBreunlin¡]1988¡^¥D±i®a®xªº¶¥¬q©Êµo®i¡A¤Ö¦³®¡·N¬ð¤aªº±q¤@¶¥¬qÂàÅܨì¤U¤@¶¥¬q¡A¦Ó¬O¦b©¹¤U¤@Óµo®i¶¥¼h«e¶i®É¡A³vº¥¦a¦b¨âÓ¶¥¬q¶¡Â\Àú¡C·í¤£¦P¦¨û¸g¾ú¤£¦Pµ{«×ªº³sÂê¥Í¬¡§ïÅܮɡA³£·|±²¤J¨ì¦h«¦P®Éµo¥ÍªºÂàÅÜ´Á¡C
ºî¤W©Òz¡A¤£¦Pªº°Ï¤À¤è¦¡¾A¥Î©ó¤£¦Pªº¬ã¨sª¬ªp¡C®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¶¥¬q¤ÀÃþÀHªÀ·|Àô¹Ò»P®a®xµ²ºcÅܾE¦Ó¦³¼W´î¡A¨ÃµL©w½×¡CµM¦ÓµL½×¤ÀÃþ¶¥¬q¬O¶Ç²Î©Î²{¥N¡A§¡´£¨Ñµo®iªº«ü¼Ð¡A¥H¬°¤ÀªR³B©ó¬Û¦Pªº®a®x©Ò¸g¾ú¬Û¦üªº¨Æ±¡¡B³B²z¬Û¦üªº°ÝÃD¡B§¹¦¨¬Û¦üªºµo®i¥ô°È¡]Mattessich & Hill, 1987¡^¡C¤£ºÞ¦p¦ó¹º¤À¡A¾A®É¥[¤J®a®x¨ä¥LÅܶµ¦p¤H®æ¯S½è¡B®a®xµ²ºc¡BºA«×¡B¤l¤k¼Æµ¥¡A¥H´£ª@¹ï®a®xªº¹ê½è¤F¸Ñ»P¹w´ú¤O¡]Witt & Goodale, 1981¡^¡A¨Ã¥B¤~¯à§ó¶Kªñ¤µ¤é¦h¤¸¤Æ®a®x¡]¦p¤¤²£®Ö¤ß®a®x¡B³æ¿Ë®a®x¡B¦A±B®a®x¡K¡^ªº·§©À¡C
¥î¡B¼vÅT®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áªº¦]¯À
µL½×®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¹º¤À´XÓ¶¥¬q¡A°£«D¦b¦P¤@¶¥¬q¦P®É±N¨ä¥L«n¤§®a®xÅܶµ¡]¨Ò¦p®a®xµ²ºc¡B¤l¤k¤H¼Æ¡Bµ²±B¦~¼Æµ¥¡^¤@¨Ö¦C¤J¦Ò¼{¡A§_«h¯à°÷¸ÑÄÀ¼vÅT®a®x¥Í©R¶g´ÁªºÅܶµ¤§¾ãÅéÅܲ§¶q¤´Â°¾§C¡]¤Þ¦Û±ç·R¬Â¡A1995¡^¡C¦]¦¹®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¦U¶¥¬qªºµo®i·|¨ü¨ì¤@¨Ç¦]¯Àªº¼vÅT¡A´^Ãh¯u¡]1996¡^ªí¥Ü¼vÅT®a®xªº¥Í©R¶g´Áªº¦]¯À¥]¬AºØ±Ú»P©Ê§O¡Cº¥ý´NºØ±Ú¦Ó¨¥¡A¨CӺرڳ£¦³¤£¦P«Ø¥ß®a®xªº¤è¦¡¡A¦³¤£¦PªºªÀ·|¤Æ¤èªk¡A¥i¯à¼W¥[¬Y¨Ç»ùÈ¡BºA«×¡B¦æ¬°¤Î±¡ºüªí¹F¤è¦¡¡A¹ïÓ¤H¥Í©R¶g´Á©M®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¦ÛµM·|¦³¤£¦Pªº³W½d¡F¥t¤@¼vÅT¦]¯À¬°©Ê§O¡An¤F¸Ñ®a®xµo®i¹Lµ{¡A¥²¶·¦Ò¼{¨ì¨k©Ê»P¤k©Ê®a®x¥Í¬¡ªº¤£¦P¡A¥Ñ©ó¥L̦³¤£¦Pªº¨¤¦â´Á±æ¡B«H¥õ¡B»ùÈÆ[©M¾÷·|¡A®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¤]¤j¤£¬Û¦P¡C²ø°V·í¡]1996¡^«h«ü¥X®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áªºµo®i¦³¨ä¯S¼x»PÃöÁä´Á¡A¦Ó¼vÅT®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Áµo®iªºnÂI¡A¥]¬A¤@¬°¤Ò©dªº¦~Ä֤Ψ䵲±B¦~¼Æ¡F¤G¬°¤l¤kªº¥X¥@¡C
¥t¥~¡A³\¦h¬ã¨sÅã¥Ü±B«Ã«~½è¡]¥]¬A±B«Ã©¯ºÖ¡B½Õ¾A¡Bº¡¨¬µ¥¡^©M®a®x¶g´Á¦³ÅãµÛªº¬ÛÃö¡]Nock, 1979¡^¡C¬ã¨s¸ê®ÆÅã¥Ü¦bµ²±Bªì´Áªº«e´X¦~ùØ¡A¬Û¤¬ªº¾AÀ³¬O§xÃøªº¡A·s±Bªº²Ä¤@¦~¤¤¡AÂ÷±Bªº¥i¯à©Ê«Ü°ª¡A¦Ó¦Ü¤G¨ì¥|¦~¹F¨ì³Ì°ª¡]Newman, 1981¡^¡CWallace¡]1990¡^µ¥¤Hªº¬ã¨sµo²{¡A±B«Ãº¡·N«×¦b²Ä¤@Ó¤p«Ä¥X¥Í«á©úÅã¤U°¡A¦Ó¦¹ª¬ªp¤×¥H¤Ó¤Ó§ó¬°©úÅã¡F¦³¨Ç¬ã¨s«ü¥X±B«Ãº¡·N«×·|ÀHµ²±B¦~¼Æ¦Ó§eU«¬¦±½u¤À°t¡A¤]´N¬O»¡±B«Ãªºº¡·N«×¦bµ²±Bªì´Á³Ì°ª¡Aº¸«áÀH²Ä¤@Ó¥X¥@«áº¥º¥°§C¡A¦Ó¨ì¤l¤k¦¨ªø¨ì«C¤Ö¦~¶¥¬q®É¡Aº¡·N«×³Ì§C¡A¦¹«á¥Ñ©ó«Ä¤lªø¤jÂ÷®a¡A¤Ò©d¦A¦¸³æ¿W¬Û³B¤@°_¡A±B«Ãº¡·N¤]¶}©l¦^¤É¡A±ß¦~®É¡A±B«Ãº¡·N·|«ùÄò¤W¤É¡A¦]¬°ªø®É¶¡ªº±B«Ã¥Í¬¡¨ÏÂù¤è¬Û¤¬¾AÀ³¡]Cavanaugh, 1990¡^¡C¦ýPiedad¡]1984¡^ªº¬ã¨s¦³¤£¦Pªº¬Ýªk¡APiedad¥H200¦ì18¦Ü59·³¤w±B°ü¤k¬°¨ü¸Õ¡A±N¨ü¸Õ¤À¬°¤»Ó¤£¦P®a®x¶g´Á¡Aµ²ªGÅã¥ÜµL¤l¤k®a®x±B«Ãº¡·N«×°¾°ª¡A«Ä¤l¥X¥Í¦Ü«C¤Ö¦~¶¥¬q¡A±B«Ãº¡·N«×¶}©l¤U°¡A·í«C¤Ö¦~¿W¥ß®É¡A±B«Ãº¡·N«×¦A«×¼W¥[¡Aª½¨ì«Ä¤lÂ÷¥hªºªÅ±_´Á¡A±B«Ãº¡·N«×¶}©l¤U°¡C¦]¦¹¡A¤l¤k¹ï±B«Ãªº¼vÅT¡A©|µL©w½×¡C¤¤°ê®a®x¤l¤kªº·N¸q«©ó¼Ú¬ü°ê®a¡A¦³µL¤l¤k©Î¤l¤k¼Æ¹ï±B«Ãªº¼vÅT¡A§óȱo±´°Q¡]½²¸Öíõ¡A2001¡^¡C
¤£¹L¡A¨ä¹ê³\¦hÅܶµªº¬ã¨sµ²ªG¨ÃµL¤@P©Ê¡AÀHµÛªÀ·|ÅܾE¡B±B«Ã¼é¬yªº§ïÅܤU¡A³o¨Ç¦]¯À¥i¯à¤SÅã²{¥X¤£¦Pªº¼vÅT§@¥Î¡C
³°¡B®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á»P®a±ÚªvÀøªºÃöÁp
Nichols¤ÎSchwartz´£¨ì®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á·§©À¬O¨ú¦Û©óªÀ·|¾Ç¦Ó¦¨¬°µ²ºc©Ê»Pµ¦²¤©Ê®a±ÚªvÀøªº±Ô¨Æ©Ê°ò¦¡]¤Þ¦Û¤ý¼z¬Â¡A³s¶®¼z¡A2002¡^¡Cµ²ºc¾Ç¬£©Îµ¦²¤¾Ç¬£¡A¤Î¸Õ¹Ï§ïÅÜ©Î×¥¿¥Ø«e®a®x¾úµ{ªº®a±ÚªvÀø®v¡A¥D±i¥Ñ®a®x¥Ø«eµo®i¶¥¬qªº¯ßµ¸¨Ó¬Ý¡A¥i¥H§ó®e©öÁA¸Ñ®a®x¤¤¤@¯ëªº¦æ¬°¼Ò¦¡©Î®a®x¹ï¦M¾÷±¡ªpªº¤ÏÀ³¡C®Ú¾Ú¥L̪ºÆ[ÂI¡A®a¤¤µo®i¥Xªº¯gª¬¬O®a®xµLªk§JªA¯S©wªº¥Í¬¡¶g´Á¶¥¬qªº°T¸¹¡A³oºØÆ[ÂI¤Þ¾É¥X³o¨ÇªvÀø®v§âÁ{§É¤¶¤J¶°¤¤¦bÀ°§U®a®x¡u¤£¦A³Q¥d¦í¡v¡]unstuck¡^¡AµM«á¦¨¥\¦aÁÚ¤J¤U¤@Óµo®i¶¥¬q¡]¤Þ¦Û¯Î¾ðæ@¡B¤ý¤jºû¡A1999¡^¡C
®a®x¬OÀHµÛ®É¶¡ªº«e¶i¡A¦Ó§e²{¥X³sÄò©Ê©MÂàÅܪº¯S¼x¡C¦³¨Ç«D³sÄòªºÂàÅܹï©ó®a®x¥Í¬¡¬O¬Û·í¤zÂZ»Pªýê¡A¨Ï±o¥¦Ì¬J¬ðµM¤S¹ý©³¦a°Ê·n¨Ã§ïÅÜ®a®x¨t²Î¡A¥H¦Ü©ó¥¦¦A¤]µLªk¦^´_¥ý«eªº¹B§@¤è¦¡¡C³\¦h®a±ÚªvÀø®v¬Û«H®a®x¦¨ûªº¯gª¬¯S§O®e©ö¥X²{¦b³oӮɴÁ¡A¥Nªí®a®xÃø¥H§JªAÂàÅÜ´Á¡C¦ý¨Ã«D®a®x¦b¦]À³§ïÅܮɩҹJ¨ìªº§xÃø¡A¤£½×¬O§_³sÄò¡A³£·|¾ÉP¯gª¬¦æ¬°¡C®a±ÚªvÀø®v¦³³d¥ôÀ°§U®a®x¬Ý²M¥¦ªº¿ï¾Ü¡F¦Ó¦bÀ°§U®a®xÂàÅܮɡA¬Û«H®a®x¨t²Îªº¾AÀ³¤O¤Îµo®i¼ç¤O¬O³Ì«nªº¡C®a±ÚªvÀø®v¤£¶Ènª`·N¨ì¥Ø«e¥Í¬¡¶g´ÁªºÀ£¤O¡A¦Ó¥B¤]nª`·N¨ì¥¦Ì©M®a®x¥@¥N¬Û¶Çªº¥DÃDªº³sµ²¡C
¦Ó®a®x¥Í¬¡¶g´ÁÆ[ÂI´£¨Ñ¤@¦³»ùȪº¯ßµ¸¥HÁA¸ÑÓ¤H¤Î®a®xªº¥\¯à¥¢½Õ¡A¤×¨ä¬O´£Òµ²ºcÆ[ÂIªº¤H¡A¥LÌ¥D±i·í®a®x±Á{Âà§éÂI¦ý«o¯Ê¥F¼u©Ê¥h¾AÀ³³oºØ§ïÅܮɡA´N·|µo®i¥X®a®x¥\¯à¥¢½Õµ²ºcªº°ÝÃD¡CÓ¤Hªº¥Í¬¡¶g´Áµo¥Í©ó®a®x¥Í¬¡¶g´Á¤§¤¤¡A¦Ó³o¨âªÌ¶¡ªº¤¬¬Û§@¥Î³£·|¼vÅT¨ì³o¨âºØ¶g´Á¤¤©Òµo¥Íªºª¬ªp¡C®a®x¤¤ªºÃö«Y¨t²Î·|ÀHµÛ®a®x¥Í¬¡ªº®É§Ç¦ÓÂX®i¡BÁY´î¤Î«·s¾ã¦X¡A¦Ó¥B®a®x¥²¶·¦³¨¬°÷ªº¼u©Ê¨Ó©Ó¨ü¦¨ûªº¥[¤J»PÂ÷¶}¡A¨Ã¤ä«ù¦¨ûºÉ¤O¶i¦æ¦Û¤vÓ¤Hªºµo®i¡C²æÂ÷¥Í¬¡¶g´Á±`yªº®a®x¡]¥H¤Î¬Û¹ïªºÓÅéµLªk¿W¥ß¡^«h»Ýn§U¤O¥H¦^¨ìµo®iªºy¹D¤W¡CCarter¤ÎMcGoldrick¡]1988¡^´£Ä³¡A¦b³oºØª¬ªp¤U®a±ÚªvÀøªº¥Dn¥Ø¼Ð´N¬O««Ø®a®xµo®iªº°Ê¤O¡CLee Combrinck-Graham¡]1988¡^µø¤T¥N¦P°ó®a®x¬°Â÷¤ß»P¦V¤ßª¬ºA¶¡¡A·í®a®x¦¨û¶¡¦b¨ä®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¶¥¬q¦]¨Æ¥ó¤§µo¥Í¦Ó»Ý¨D§ó°ªªº¬Û¤¬¨Ì¿à©Î¿W¥ß©Ê®É¡A©Ò²£¥Íªº¤@ºØ§ó´À©Ê¦s¦b¡C¥t¥~¡ACombrinck-Graham¤]¥D±i¡AÁöµM®a®xµo®i¤]³\¬O½uª¬ªº¡A¦ý®a®x¥Í¬¡µ´«D±q¬YÓ¯S©wÂI°_©l¡A¤]¨S¦³²M·¡¹º¤Àªº²×ÂI¡C¦b®É¶¡ªº±À²¾¤U¡A®a®xªº¶i®i¬O¶g´Áªº¡A©ÎªÌ§ó¥¿½T¦a»¡¬O¨ÌÁ³±Û§Î¶i¦æ¡C¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¬Y¨Ç®ÉÔ®a®x¦¨û©¼¦¹ºò±K¦aµ²¦X¡F¦b¨ä¥¦®ÉÔ¡AÓ¤H¬¡°Ê¬°Àu¥ý¦Ò¶q®É´N¬OÂ÷¤ß´Áªº¶}©l¡C®a±ÚªvÀø®v¶É¦V©ó²æÂ÷¶Ç²ÎªÀ·|¾Ç»{©w®a®x¥Í¬¡¶g´Á©l©ó±B«Ãªº¬Ýªk¡A¥LÌ¥D±i¥¼±Bªº¦~»´¤Hº¥ý¥²¶·§¹¦¨¥LÌ¥Dnªºµo®i¥ô°È¡A§Y©Mì¥Í®a®x¤ÀÂ÷¦ý«D¤ÁÂ_Ãö«Y¡A¨Ã¶i¤J¥t¤@´À¥Nªº±¡·PÏÝÅ@©Ò¡C
¬m¡Bµ²½×
®Ú¾Ú®a®xªº¥Í©R¶g´Á¡A¨C¤@¶¥¬q§¡¦³¨äµo®i¥ô°È¡A¤]¦]¦Ó¼vÅT®a¤¤¨CÓ¤Hªºµo®i¡C¹ï¤w±BªÌ¨Ó»¡¡A±B«Ã¤¤ªº¶¥¬q©Ê»P¥²¸gªº¦M¾÷¡AÁöµM¦]¨CÓ¤Hªº±B«Ã¥Í¬¡±¡ªp»Pª¬ªp¦Ó¦U¦³¤£¦P¡A¦ý¬O¨CÓ¤H±B«Ã¥Í¬¡³£·|¾ú¸g¤@¨Ç¥²µMªº¶¥¬q»P¹Lµ{¡A±Á{¤£¦Pªº°ÝÃD¡A¦b®a®xªº¥Í©R¶g´Á¤¤¡A¥²©w·|¾D¹J§xÃø»P®À§é¡A©Ò§êºtªº¨¤¦â»P¦Û§Úªº¦¨ªø»Pµo®iµ¥¡A¤]·|ÀH¤§§ïÅÜ¡C°µ¬°¤@Ó¿Ô°Ó±M·~¤u§@ªÌ¡A»Ý¹ïÓ¤H¡A¬Æ©Î®a®x¡A¤F¸Ñ¥L©Î¥L̪º®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¡A¤F¸Ñ³B¦b¦ó¶¥¬q¡A¦³¤°»ò¥ô°È¤Î¦M¾÷»Ý±¹ï¡A¤~¯àÅý·í¨Æ¤HµL½×³B©ó¥ô¦ó¶¥¬q¡A³£¥i³z¹L¾Ç²ß¡A¾Ç·|¦Û§Ú½Õ¾A¡AÂÇ¥Hªï±µ¤£¦P¶¥¬qªº¨ÓÁ{¡C
°Ñ¦Ò¤åÄm
¤ý¼z¬Â¡A³s¶®¼zĶ¡]2002¡^¡CMichael P. Nichols, Richard C.
SchwartzµÛ¡C®a±ÚªvÀø·§½×¡C¥x¥_¥«¡G¬x¸¤å¤Æ¡C
¦¶§Â¼Ó¡]1991¡^¡C±B«Ã¬ã¨s¡C¥x¥_¡GªF¤j¹Ï®Ñ¤½¥q¡C
¯Î¾ðæ@¡B¤ý¤jºûĶ¡]1999¡^¡CIrene Goldenberg, Herbert GoldenbergµÛ¡C®a±ÚªvÀø²z½×»P§Þ³N¡C¥x¥_¥«¡G´´¼¤å¤Æ¡C
¶À¤d¬À¡]1999¡^¡C®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á»P®a®x¥ð¶¢¬¡°Ê¨Mµ¦¾úµ{¤§¬ã¨s¢w¥H°ò¶©¥«®Ö¤ß®a®x¬°¨Ò¡C°ê¥ß°ª¶¯®v½d¤j¾Ç¦¨¤H±Ð¨|¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
¶ÀÄɼz¡]1996¡^¡C®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¡C¸ü©ó¶À°i·¶¡B¶ÀÄɼz¡BĬ³·¥É¡Bð¥ý±ö©M§õ²Q®S½sµÛ¡A®a®x·§½×¡C¥x¥_¡GªÅ¤j¡C
±ç·R¬Â¡]1995¡^¡C¥x¥_¥«ÂùÁ~®a®x®a®x¥ð¶¢»P®a®x¥Í©R¶g´ÁÃö«Y¤§±´°Q¡C°ê¥ß¥xÆW®v½d¤j¾Ç®a¬F±Ð¨|¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
´^Ãh¯u¡]1996¡^¡C±B«Ã»P®a®x¡C¥x¥_¥«¡G¥¨¬y¡C
·¨¨qªÛ¡]1988¡^¡C¤@¯ë¤Ö¦~»P«D¦æ¤Ö¦~¥ð¶¢¥Í¬¡¤§¤ñ¸û¡C¨p¥ßªF§d¤j¾ÇªÀ¤u©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
½²·ç¦t¡]1996¡^¡CÅU«È¦æ¬°¾Ç¡C¥x¥_¥«¡G¤Ñ¤@¡C
½²¸Öíõ¡]2001¡^¡C®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á¡B©Ê§O¨¤¦âºA«×¡B¦Û§Ú¶}©ñµ{«×»P¤Ò©d±B«Ãº¡·N«×¤Î¨ä®t²§¤§¬ã¨s¡C°ê¥ß¦¨¥\¤j¾Ç¦æ¬°Âå¾Ç¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
½²¸Öíõ¡BJ²Qs¡]2001¡^¡CªÀ·|¤H¤f¯S½è¡B®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á»P¤Ò©d±B«Ãº¡·N«×¤Î¨ä®t²§¤§¬ã¨s¡G¤@ÓªÀ°Ïªºªì±´©Ê¬ã¨s¡C¦¨¥\¤j¾Ç¾Ç³ø¡A36(¬ì§Þ¡BÂå¾Ç)¡A23-49¡C
¿c¼z©É¡]1990¡^¡C¤k©Ê³Ò¤u¥ð¶¢¬¡°Ê°Ñ»P¤§¬ã¨s¢w¥H¤@Ó¹q¤l¤u¼tªº¤k§@·~û¬°¨Ò¡C¨p¥ßªF§d¤j¾ÇªÀ¤u©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
¿½¦g§g¡]2001¡^¡C®ø¶OªÌ¤§ªÀ·|¶¥¼h¡B®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á»P¨ä¨T¨®²£«~ÄÝ©Ê«µøÃþ§O¤§ÃöÁp©Ê¬ã¨s¢w¥H¥x¥_¥«¨T¨®¼ç¦bÁʶRªÌ¬°¨Ò¡C°ê¥ß¥æ³q¤j¾Ç¸gÀçºÞ²z¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
Á«B¥Í¡]1982¡^¡C®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á»P°ü¤k³Ò°Ê°Ñ»P¤§¬ã¨s¡C¥xÆW¤j¾Ç¹A·~±À¼s¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
ÂŪö·¡]1996¡^¡C±B«Ã»P®a®x¡C¥x¥_¥«¡G¥®·à¡C
ÂŪö·¡]1996¡^¡C±B«ÃÃö«Y»P¾AÀ³¡C¥x¥_¥«¡G±i¦Ñ®v¥Xª©ªÀ¡C
ù¦w²|¡]2000¡^¡C¤£¦P®a®x¥Í©R¶g´Á»PªÀ¸gI´º°ü¤k¤§ªA¸Ë®ø¶O¦æ¬°¬ã¨s¡C°ê¥ß»OÆW®v½d¤j¾Ç®a¬F±Ð¨|¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
²s¥ÉĶ¡]1999¡^¡CHawkins, D. ,Roger, J. B., &
Coney, K. A.µÛ¡A®ø¶OªÌ¦æ¬°¾Ç¡C¥x¥_¡G¤«n¡C
Bollman, S., Moxley, V. & Elliot, N. (1975). Family and
community activities of rural nonfarm families with children. Journal of Leisure Research ,7(1),53-62.
Burr, R., Hill, R., Nye, F. I. & Reiss, I. L.(1989). Contemporary theories about the family.
Collier Maamillian Publisher.
Carter, M. S. W. & McGoldrick, M. S. W.(1988).The changing family life cycle.
Boston:Allyn & Bacon.
Cavanaugh, J.(1990). Adult Development
and Aging. Belmont¡GWadsworth.
Danko, W. D. & Schaninger, C. M., (1993). A conceptual and
empiri-cal comparison of alternative household life cycle models. Journal of Consumer Research, 19(4),
580-594.
Gilly, M.C. & Enis, B. M.(1982). Recycling the Family Life Cycle: A Proposal for Redefinition. Advances in Consumer Research,9,271-276.
Kelly,
J.R.(1983). Leisure identity and
interaction. London: George Allen & Unwin.
Klein, D. M.& White, J. M.(1996). Family Thories: An Introduction. New York: Sage Publication.
Mattessich, P., & Hill, R.(1987). Handbook of Marriage and The Family. New York: Plenum Press.
Murphy, P. C., & Staples, W. A. (1979). A modernized family life
cy-cle. Journal of Consumer Research,6(1),12-22.
Newman, H.(1981). Communication within Ongoing Intimate
Relationships: An Attributional Perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,7,59-70.
Nock, S.L.(1979). The Family Life Cycle Empirical or Conceptual
Tool. Journal of Marriage and the
Family,2,15-25.
Olson, D. H. & DeFrain, J. (2000). Marriage and the family:diversity and strengths(3rd ed.).
Mountain view, CA: Mayfield Publishing company.
Piedad,S.S.(1984). Patterns of Marital Satisfaction over the Life
Cycle. Revista de psicologia General
Aplicad,39(5),983-995.
Rapoport, R. & Rapoport, R. N.(1978).Leisure and the family life cycle. London:Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Rollins, B. C., & Feldman, H.(1970). Marital satisfaction over
the family life cycle. Journal of
Marriage and the Family,32,20-28.
Ronald, B. S.(1992). The leisure
experience of post-parential adults: A time for becoming. Master
dissertation, University of Calgary.
Schiffman, L. G. & Kanuk, L. L. (2000). Consumer Behavior. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Wagner, J.& Hanna, S.(1983).The effectiveness of family life
cycle variables in consumer expenditure research. Journal of consumer research,10,281-291.
Wallace, P.,Gotlib,I.(1990). Marital Adjustment during the
Transition to Parenthood: Stability and Predictors of Change. JMF,52, 21-29.
Wells, W. D., & Gubar, G. (1966). The life cycle concept in
marketing research. Journal of Marketing
Research,3,355-365.
Witt, P. A. & Goodale T. L.(1981). The relationship between barriers to leisure enjoyment and family stages. Leisure Sciences,4(1),29-49.