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Ãö©ó»y¨¥¾ÇªÌ¦b»y¨¥¾Ç¤Wªº®t²§¡AºÝµø¾ÇªÌ­Ì±Mª`ªº²z½×¨ú¦V¡B¬ã¨s¿³½ì¡B¥H¤Î°Ï¤À»y¨¥¦h¼Ë©Êªº¥Øªº¤Î¤èªk¡C­l¥Í»yªk¾ÇªÌ¦p Noam Chomsky ¤Î¨ä¾Ç¥Í¦b¾Ç³N¥Í²P¤¤¬Ò­P¤O©ó³z¹L»y¨¥ªº¤@¨Ç´¶¹M­ì«h¨Ó¸ÑÄÀ»y­µÅé¨tªº¡B§ÎºA¾Çªº¤Î¥yªkªº°Ï§O¡C¥L­Ì¶}µo¤@ºØ´¶¹Mªº¤åªk²z½×¡A¤@®M³W«h©M±ø¥ó®e³\§Ú­Ì´y­z¥ô¦ó»y¨¥ªº¤åªk¨Ã¥B¥i¥H¥Ñ¦¹°²©w³o¨Ç¤Ñ¥Íªº¸àÄÀµ¦²¤¨Ï¤p«Ä¥i¾Ç·|¥ô¦ó¤HÃþ»y¨¥¡C¥L­Ì§V¤O¥h´y­z©M»¡©ú»y¨¥¶¡ªº®t²§¡C¥L­Ì°²³]¦P¤@¨¥»¡ªÀ¸s¤¤¬O¨ã¦³¦P½è©Ê¦Ó«D®t²§©Ê¡CªÀ·|»y¨¥¾Ç®a§å§P³oºØ¬ã¨sµ¦²¤¥B«ù¬Û¤Ï¸ô½u¡C¥L­Ì±q¸gÅç¥D¸qªºÆ[¹î»¡©ú¦b¨¥»¡ªÀ¸s¤¤¦³¤j¶qªºÅܲ§¡A¦p¦rªºµo­µ¡Bºc³y¡B»y½Õ©M³z¹LªÀ·|¯ßµ¸©Ò²£¥Í§ó¦h½ÆÂøªº¤ù»y¡C°ò©ó³oºØÆ[¹î, ªÀ·|»y¨¥¾ÇªÌ³]­p¥X¤èªk½×¥H¦³¨t²Î¬ã¨s»y¨¥ªºÅÜ°Ê©M¤å·N¶¡ªº¤¸¯À(¥]¬AªÀ·|¶¥¼h¡B¶¥¯Å¡B¦~ÄÖ¡B­I´º¡B®É©|)¡C³oºØ¬ã¨s³B²z¤F³\¦h³Q¤åªk¾ÇªÌ©Ò©¿µøªºª§½×¡A¨Ò¦p¡G¬É©w¨¥»¡ªÀ¸sªº¬É½u©Mª¾ÃѪº¼Ë¦¡, ³o¨Ç¹ï©ó¦¨¬°¥ô¦ó¤@­ÓªÀ¸s¤¤ºÙ¾ªº¦¨­û¬O¦³¥²­nªº¡C»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç®a¤]Ãö¤ßÃþ¦üªºª§½×¡A¦ý¥L­Ì¤]­±¹ï¤F½ÆÂøªº°ÝÃD--»y¨¥»P«ä·QªºÃö«Y©Î ¡§»y¨¥¬Û¹ï½×ªº°²³]¡¨¡Cªñ¨Ó, »y¨¥®t²§©Ê³Q­«­q¬° ¡§»y¨¥«ä·QÅé¨t¡¨ ½d³òªº¤@Àô¡C ¥»³¹±NÂǥѴyø¦UºØ¶Ç²Î«ä·Q¨Ó¤¶²Ð»y¨¥¾Çªº®t²§¡C

 

3.1 ¤å¤Æ»y¨¥ ¡G Àj¨È¤h¾Ç¬£ªº«ä·Q

¤F¸Ñ»y¨¥¾Ç®t²§ªºª§½×¦p¦ó°_¦]©ó¥_¬ü¾Ç¬É¡A§Ú­Ì¥²¶·¦^·¹¨ì»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç¦ó®É³Qºc·Q¦¨ ¤HÃþ¾Çªº ¡§¥|¤j»â°ì¡¨ ¤§¤@¡C³o¬O»F©l©ó1842¦~¬ü°ê¤HÃþ¾ÇªÀ©M1902¦~¬ü°ê¤HÃþ¾Ç¨ó·| (¸Ó¨ó·|¥Ñ¬ü°ê¦ÛµM¬ì¾Ç«P¶i¨ó·|AAAS[1], H¤p²Õªº¦¨­û©Ò±À®i)¡A¤HÃþ¾Ç¦b¬ü°ê³Q·í§@¤@­Ó§¹¾ãªº¾Ç¬ì, ¬ã¨sÅé½è(²{¬°¥Íª«¾Çªº), »y¨¥(­º¥ý°Q½×»y¨¥¾Çªº), ¤å¤Æ ©M¦Ò¥j¾Ç¡C¼Ú¬wªº¤HÃþ¾Ç®a«h¦³¦Û¤vªº¤ÀÃþ¡G¦Ò¥j¾ÇªÌ¡B¥j¥Íª«¾ÇªÌ©M»y¨¥¾ÇªÌ¡C¦b¬ü°ê, ¤HÃþ¾Çªº¾Ç¥Í³Q­n¨D¦b¦Û¤v²`¤Jªº±Mªù»â°ì¥~ÁÙ­n­Ñ³Æ¥|­Ó»â°ìªºª¾ÃÑ¡C¦b²z½×¤Î¹ê½î¤W¨ã¦³¥þµø³¥ªº¥Nªí©Ê¤HÃþ¾ÇªÌ´N¬O ¡§ªkÄõ¯÷¡PÀj¨È¤h(Franz Boas)¡¨

 

3.1.1ªkÄõ¯÷¡PÀj¨È¤h(Franz Boas)[2] ©M ¥»°ê»yªº¨Ï¥Î

¼w°ê¥X¥ÍªºBoas (1858-1942) ¬O¬ü°ê¤HÃþ¾Çªº³þ°òªÌ¤§¤@¡A¥L¬O¦]¦Û¨­¦b·R´µ°ò¼¯©M¦è¥_©¤¥Ê°ò¯Q¹Ï±Ú(¤À§G¦b¥[®³¤j·Å­ôµØ®q¥_³¡¤Î­^ÄÝ­ô­Û¤ñ¨Èªu©¤¤§¦L²Ä¦w¤H)ªº¸gÅç¦Ó²£¥Í¹ï»y¨¥¬ã¨sªº¿³½ì¡A¥L½èºÃ¤@­Ó¤HµLªk¯u¥¿¤F¸Ñ¨ä¥¦¤å¤Æ¦pªG¥L¨S¦³ª½±µ¨Ï¥Î¨ä»y¨¥¡C»y¨¥¾Çªº¬ã¨s¤£¶È¬O¹ê½î­±, ¤]¬O²z½×­±ªº, ¦]¬°¤å¤Æ©M»y¨¥¦³±K¤ÁªºÃö³s¡G

¦Ü¤µ©Ò´£¨ìªº©Ò¦³¥DÃD, ¦L¦a¦w»y¨¥ªºª¾ÃÑ¥i´£¨Ñ¤H­Ì¤F¸Ñ¨ä­·«U©M«H¥õ, ¦ý¦b©Ò¦³­Ó®×¤¤, »y¨¥­º¥ý´£¨Ñ§Ú­Ì¹ê½î­±, ·N§Y§ó²M´·¦a¤F¸Ñ¥Á±Ú¾Çªº²{¶H, ¦ü¥G¦L¦a¦w»yªº²z½×¬ã¨s¨Ã¤£¨È©ó¨ä¹ê½îªºª¾ÃÑ, ¯Âºéªº»y¨¥¾Ç¬O´¶¹M½Õ¬d¥Á±Ú¤ß²z¾Çªº¤@³¡¤À¡C¦pªG¥Á±Ú¾Ç³Q²z¸Ñ¬°¤HÃþ¥Í¬¡ªº¤ß²z²{¶Hªº¬ì¾Ç, «h¤HÃþªº»y¨¥¬O¤HÃþ¤ß²z¬¡°Ê³Ì­«­nªºÃÒ©ú¤§¤@, ¦Ó¦ÛµM¦a³QÂkÄݬ°¥Á±Ú¾Çªº»â°ì¡C

Àj¨È¤h(Boas)¹ï¬ü¬w¦L¦a¦w»yªº¿³½ì¥Ñ¨ä¾Ç¥Í¶Ç»¼, ¨ä¤¤¦p Edward Sapir ¤£¶È¹ï¬ü¬w¦L¦a¦w»y¤]¹ï¤@¯ë»y¨¥ªº¬ã¨s¦³«Ü­«­nªº°^Äm¡CBoas ¹ï ¡§»y¨¥¹ï¤HÃþ«ä·Q¤Î¤HÃþ¤å¤Æ±À®iªº¥²­n©Ê¡¨ªºÆ[ÂI¦¨¬°¬ü°ê¤å¤Æ¤HÃþ¾Ç¬É¦b20¥@¬ö«e¥b´Áªº°ò¦¡C¥Ñ¥L¥t¤@­Ó¾Ç¥Í A.L. Kroeber ©Òªí­z¡G

²³æ»¡, ¤å¤Æ©Î³\¥u¦b©â¶Hªº°ò¦¤W¹B§@, ¦Ó¦ü¥G¥u¦³³z¹L¨¥»¡©Î³z¹L»y¨¥ªº´À¥N«~¦p®Ñ¼g¡B¼Æ¦r­pºâ¡B¼Æ¾Ç©M¤Æ¾Çªº¼Ð°O©ÎÃþ¦üª«¡C·í¨¥»¡µn³õ«á, ¤å¤Æ©ó²j¶}©l, ¥Ñ©óÂ×´I¤F¥¼¨Ó¨ä¥¦µo®i¡C

¤èªk½×Ãö©ó»y¨¥¦b¤å¤Æ·N²[ªº¨¤¦âªºÆ[ÂI¬O¡G»y¨¥Åé¨t¥i¥H§@¬°¬ã¨s¤å¤ÆÅé¨tªº«ü¤Þ¡C¦bBoasªº®×¨ÒùØ¡A¥L¦b»y¨¥¤Wªº¾y¤O¬O¤Þ»â³\¦h¥Á±Ú»x(¤HºØ»x)ªº¥Xª©¡A¦Ó¥B¤j³¡¤À¬O°O¿ý ¡§¤å¥»¡¨¡A·N§Y, ¨º¨Ç­«­nªº³ø§iªº§Û¿ý (³q±`¥H¨âºØ»y¨¥§Û¼g)±N³ê°_¤w³uªº¶Ç²Î, ¥]¬A¤F§¸`¡BÃÀ³Nµ¥µ¥, ¬Æ¦Ü¦³¨Ç¬OBoas¥»¤H©Ò§Û¿ýªº¡C¦³®É³o¨Ç­«­n³ø§i¬OKwakiutl¥Ê°ò¯Q¹Ï±Ú(¥[®³¤j·Å­ôµØ®q¥_³¡¤Î­^ÄÝ­ô­Û¤ñ¨Èªu©¤¤§¦L²Ä¦w¤H)ªº¦@¦P¬ã¨sªÌGeorge Hunt©Ò§Û¿ý¡C

§Û¿ý¥»¦a¤H¹ï§¸`©M¨ä¥¦¶Ç²Î¤å¤ÆÆ[ÂIªº´y­z¬OBoas¼_¼ôªº·m±Ï¤HÃþ¾Ç(salvage anthropology)[3]ªº¤@³¡¤À¡A¦p¦P¥L¦P®É¥Nªº¤HÃþ¾ÇªÌ¡ABoas ¾á¼~¬ü°ê­ì¦í¥Á¦L¦a¦w»y©M¤å¤Æªº§Ö³t®ø¥¢©ÎÅܲ§, ¦Ó·Q­n¦bÁÙ¦³¤H¬y§Q¦a¨Ï¥Î¦L¦a¦w»y©M´y­z¨ä¶Ç²Î¤å¤Æ®ÉÂǤ奻«O¦s¡C

³o¹Lµ{¹ê»Ú¤W»Ý¤F¸Ñ¨ì³\¦h¦b¤å¾Ç§@«~¤¤µo²{ªº¡§»·¥j»y¨¥¡¨ªº·§©À¬O¤£¥þªº, ¥]¬A¬ü¬w¦L¦a¦w»yµo­µ¤£­Y¼Ú¬w»y¨¥¯ëºë½T¡CBoas (1911) »{¬°³o¬O°ò©óÆ[¹î­û¹ï©ó¦b¼Ú»y¨t¤¤¨u¨£ªº¡§­µ¡¨ªº¿ë»{¦³§xÃø¦Ó¦³©Ò­­¨î¡C¤Ö¼Æªºµ²ªG¬OÂǥѱMª`¦b¹L¥hªº¬G¨Æ, Boas³Ð³y¤F ¡§¿Ë¨­ÅéÅ窺¥Á±Ú»x¡¨ ¡C¥Á±Ú»x¾ÇªÌ±Mª`¦b¦¬¶°¹L¥h²ß«Uªº¸ê°T¡A¨º¨Ç¦b»P¼Ú¬w±µÄ²«á³Q©¿²¤¤@¥@¬ö¤§¤[ªº²ß«U, §Y¨Ï¦]¦¹¦Ó¥´À»¤F¥L­Ìªº¬ã¨s¹ï¶H¡C¦¹¥~,³o¨Ç¤å¥»³q±`³£¥Ñ ¡§¥D­n®ø®§´£¨ÑªÌ¡¨©Ò´£¥X, ¨Ã¥¼¹ï·Ó¨ä¥¦¨Ó·½©ÎĶ¥»¡C

¾¨ºÞ¦³³o¨Ç­­¨î, Boas ªº¤èªk¤´¬O»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Çªº«ü¼Ð¡C¥L°í«ù¥Xª©¤j¶q³v¦r½Ķªº¤gµÛªº»ö¦¡¤Î¤å¤Æ¿ò²£ªºÆ[ÂI¡A¨ÏŪªÌ¥i±µªñ¥Á±Ú»x°ò¦ªº¨Ó·½¡C¬Û¦PªºÅ޿褵¤é³Q¹B¥Î¦b¨¥»y¤¬°Ê(chapters 5and 8) ªº¸Ô²Ó§Û¿ý¡CŪªÌ¥i¥H¦Û¦æÆ[¬Ý°Q½×ªº°ò¦¡CÁöµM¤£¬O©Ò¦³ªº¸ê°T³£¯à¦b§Û¿ý¤¤Åã²{¡A¤´¦³³\¦h¨S¦³¦b¤å¥»§Û¿ý¤¤³Qµo²{¡C©ó¬O¦bchapter 4¤¤±N¤¶²Ð ¡§°Ñ»PÆ[¹î¡¨ (participant-observation), ¦Ó¸Ó¤èªk¤]¦¨¬°¥Á±Ú¾Çªº¼Ð·Ç¤èªk¡A¨ú¥N¤F ©Ò¿×ªºarmchair anthropology[4], ¤å¤Æ¹ê»Úªºª½±µÅéÅç¡X¦b²{³õ, ¦¨¬°±Ä¶°©M´y­zªº¨Ó·½, ¦P®É, ¤j¶q¹ê½îªº¸ê°T´£¨ÑªÌªº¬y¤ô±b³Q´­±ó¡A¤Ï±`¦a, °Ñ»PÆ[¹î·N¿×§ó¥H¹ê»Ú¸gÅ窺¤èªk¥h±Ä¶°ªÀ¸s²ß«Uªº¸ê°T,¦ý¤@¥¹¥Á±Ú¾ÇªÌ¶}©l¹ï¥L­Ì¬ã¨sªº¹ï¶HªºªÀ·|¥Í¬¡µ¹¤©¥L­Ì¦Û¤vªº´y­z, «hŪªÌ±N¤£¦A¦³¾÷·|±µªñ¨ä´y­zªº¨Ó·½¡C

·í§Û¿ý¥»¦aªº¤å¥»¨Ã½Ķ, Boas µÛ°g©ó¦UºØ»y¨¥¤ÀÃþ¥@¬É©M¤HÃþ¸gÅ窺¦UºØ¤èªk¡C¥L¹B¥Î³o¨ÇÆ[¹î¨Ó¤ä«ù ¡§¤å¤Æ¬Û¹ï½×¡¨¡X¨C¤@­Ó¤å¤Æ³£­n¥H¥¦¦Û¨­ªº½dÃ¥¨Ó²z¸Ñ¦Ó¤£¬O´¼¤Oªº©Îºë¯«¤Wªº¥D¤H--ªñ¨Ó°ª°ª¦b¤Wªº¼Ú¬w¤H¡C[5]

Boas¹B¥Î¥L¹ï¬ü¬w¦L¦a¦w»yªºª¾ÃѨӮi²{»y¨¥¹ï¥@¬Éªº¤ÀÃþ¬OªZÂ_ªº¡C¨CºØ»y¨¥¦³¦Û¤vªº¤è¦¡¥h«Øºc°Ï¤À¥@¬Éªº»y·J¡A©M«Ø¥ß¸gÅ窺¤ÀÃþ¡C¦b­^¤å¥i¯à¥H¤£¦P¦r§e²{(¤ô¡B´ò¡Bªe¬y¡B¤p·Ë¡B«Bµ¥)¡A¦b¨ä¥¦»y¨¥«h¥i¯à¥H¬Û¦Pªº¦r©Î¦Û¬Û¦P§Î¦¡­l¥Í¥X¨Ó¡C¥H¤U¬O¦b¦¹¯ßµ¸¤¤¸g±`³Q´£¤ÎªºµÛ¦W¨ÒÃÒ--Ãö©ó·R´µ°ò¼¯¤H¹ï ¡§³·¡¨ªº¤£¦P¦r·J¡G

±j½Õ³o­Ó¨Æ¹ê¬O«Ü­«­nªº--¥Ñ¯S®í»y­µ¸s( ¡§³æ¦r¡¨©Îµü¯À¡¨) ©Òªí­z·§©Àªº¹ÎÅé¦b¤£¦P»y¨¥¤¤ªí²{©úÅã®t²§, ¥B¤£¬O³Q¬Û¦Pªº¤ÀÃþ­ì«h©Ò¬É©w¡C¦A¦¸¥H­^»y¬°¨Ò, §Ú­Ìµo²{¤ôªº·§©À¥H³\¦h¤£¦P§Î¦¡ªí­z¡G¬Y¨Ç®É­Ô¥H ¡§²GÅ顨 (LIQUID)¨Óªí­z¡§¤ô¡¨¡F¦³¨Ç®É­Ô¤ô¥H¨ä¤j­±¿nªº§Î¦¡¦p´ò(LAKE)¡F¦³®É¤ô¬O¥H¬y­±ªº¼e¡B¯¶(RIVERªe¡BBROOK¤p·Ë)¡F¤]¦³¨Ç¬O¥H¨ä¥¦¤è¦¡ªí­z ¡§¤ô¡¨¡A¦p«BRAIN¡BÅS¤ôDEW¡Bªi®öWAVE¡BªwªjFOAM¡C¦b­^¤åùبC­Ó¤£¦Pªº·§©À³£¥H­Ó§O¿W¥ßªº§Î¦¡¥h¬É©w, ¦Ó¨ä¥¦»y¨¥«h¥i¯à¬O¥Ñ¬Û¦Pªº§Î¦¡¥h­l¥Í¡C

¥t¤@­Ó¨Ò¤l¬O ¡§·R´µ°ò¼¯¡¨¹ï©ó ¡§³·¡¨ªºªí­z¡C¦p§Ú­Ì©Òµo²{ªº¡G ¡§aput¡¨·N§Y ¡§¦b¦a¤Wªº³·¡¨¡F ¡§qana¡¨·N§Y ¡§¥¿ÄƤUªº³·¡¨¡F ¡§piqsirpoq¡¨--°ï¿nªº³·¡F ¡§qimuqsug¡¨--³·°ï¡C

Laura Martin(1986)¦b ¡§·R´µ°ò¼¯»y¤¤ªº³·¡¨¦¨¬°´¶¹M¬ì¾Ç°Q½× »y¨¥¡B¤å¤Æ©M«ä·QÃö«Yªº¼Ð·Ç½d¨Ò¡A¦Ó¦rªº¼Æ¶q¤]¥Ñ¤­¦Ü¦Ê³v¨B±À¤É¡C¥Ñ©ó¥@¬É¤@ºØ»y¨¥¤ñ¥t¤@ºØ»y¨¥¦b¯S§Oªº¸gÅç»â°ì¤¤¦³§ó¦h¦r·J³Qµø¬°¥¿±`¡A¦]¦¹BoasµÛ­«¦b§ó´¶¹MªºÆ[ÂI¡G¤å¤Æ¨ë¿E¥i«P¦¨°Ï¿ë»y·Jªºµo®i¡C³oºØÆ[ÂIµy«á³QSapir©MWhorf©Ò­×§ï¡A¥L­Ì½èºÃ¡A¦pªG»y¨¥¬O¹ï¥@¬Éªº¯S§O¸gÅç©ÒĶ¦¨ªº²Å½X¡A«h¥²µM¶É¦V»¡¸ÜªÌÆ[¬Ý¥@¬Éªº¸gÅç¡C¦bÀˬd³oºØÆ[ÂI«e¡A¥ý¤¶²ÐSapir©MWhorfÃö©ó³o¤è­±°Q½×ªº·§©À¡C

 

3.1.2  Sapir ¤Î¨ä¹ï»y¨¥¥»½èªºÅ޿誺¬ã¨s

Edward Sapir (1884-1939), ©Î³\¬O¾ú¥v»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç³Ì¦³¦Wªº¾ÇªÌ¡A¥L±µÄò©MÂX®iBoas ¹ï»y¨¥ªº¿³½ì¡AÃöª`»y¨¥ªºµ²ºc¡A¥B±j½Õ¨CºØ»y¨¥¬O§¹¾ã©M§¹³Æªº¨t²Î¡A»Ý¦b¥¦¦Û¨­ªº½d³ò¤º¤~¯à³Q¤F¸Ñ(Darnell 1990)¡C¥Lı±o»y¨¥¬O¤å¤Æµo®iªº¥²­n±ø¥ó¡A¥B¥L±µÄò Boas¾Ç¬£ªº¶Ç²Î, §å§P¨º¨Ç¸Õ¹Ï±N¯S©w»y¨¥¤À¯Å¬° ¡§­ì©lªº¡¨©Î¤ñ¨ä¥¦»y¨¥§ó¡§¦³­­ªº¡¨¡C

¨S¦³¤@­Ó¤wµo²{ªº³¡¸¨¨S¦³»y¨¥©M¥H¥Á«U¨Ó³¯­z¤w¥¢¥hªº­±¦V¡C¦b¤wª¾ªººØ±ÚùØ¡A»y¨¥¥»½è¤W¬O§¹³Æªº³¯­z©M·¾³qªº¤u¨ã¡C¤å¤ÆªºÆ[ÂI¤¤¡A»y¨¥¬O­º¥ý±o¨ì°ª«×µo®iªº§Î¦¡¡A©M¤å¤Æµo®iªº«e´£¡C

Sapir ¾K¤ß©ó»¡©ú¹ï©ó¨C­Ó»y¨¥¨t²Î³£¦³ ¡§­µ¯À¡¨ªº·§©À¡A­µ¯À¬O»y¨¥¤ÀªR¤¤¤@ºØ©â¶H³æ¦ì¡A³o¦b«á­±ªº³¹¸`·|¤ÀªR¡CSapir¼s¬°¤Hª¾ªº¬O»{¬°¦b¼ç¦b¤ß²z¾Çµ²ªGªº·§©À¤U¡A

»y¨¥¦³¨äÅ޿襻½è¡C¦b ¡§Sapir-Whorfªº°²³]¡¨ ©Î ¡§»y¨¥¬Û¹ï½×ªº°²³]¡¨ ¦³¥LÆ[ÂIªº¤@³¡¤À¡A»¡©ú¤HÃþ»y¨¥ªÀ·|¤Æ©Î¤@­P©Êªº¤O¶q¡C

¦P®É¡ASapir ´£­Ò¤å¤Æ¤¤­Ó¤Hªº­«­n©Ê¡C¥Lµø¤å¤Æ¬°­Ó¤H¤ÎªÀ·|¬Û¤¬¼vÅTªº¶H¼x¡C¥L´¿»¡¤HÃþ¾ÇªÌ ¡§¬Û«H¥@¬É¬O¤ÀÂ÷ªº­ÓÅé¦ý²Î¤@©M³sÄòªº¤å¤Æ¡¨(Sapir 1993:141), ¥L°Ï§O ¡§¯u¹êªº¡¨©M ¡§°°³yªº¡¨¤å¤Æ(Sapir 1924)¬O¹ïSapir¥Í¦s®É¥N¦è¤èªÀ·|¤u·~¤Æªº¦MÀIªº²z½×©Êĵ§i¡A¨º­ÓªÀ·|¨Ã¤£©Ó»{­ÓÅ骺»Ý­n¡C¯u¹êªº¤å¤Æ¬OªÀ·|©M­Ó¤Hªº»Ý­n¤@­P¦p¦P¥L¥Ð³¥¤u§@±µÄ²¨ìªº¬ü¬w¦L¦a¦wªÀ·|¡C¦Ó°°³yªº¤å¤Æ«h¬O¥H°ª®Ä²v¬°¦W¡A­Ó¤H³Q­¢¶i¦æªq³à©Mºë¯«¤WµL·N¸qªº¥ô°È¡C¦b¯u¹êªº¤å¤Æ¡A ¡§­ÓÅ骺¥D­n¬¡°Ê¥²¶·ª½±µº¡¨¬¥L¦Û¤vªº³Ð³y¤O¤Î·P±¡ªº½Ä°Ê¡AÁ`¦³¨Ç¨Æ±¡¤ñ¬°¹F¥Øªºªº¤èªk­«­n¡¨(1924:316)¡CSapir ¹ï©ó¸Öºq¤Î»y¨¥ªº¬ü¾Ç¥\¯à«Ü·P¿³½ì¡A¤]¬O¥LºÉ¤O¥h¨Ï­Ó¤H¹ï§Ü¥L©Ò¬Ý¨ì¦Ó¥B¥²¶·¨Ï¥Î¨Óªí­z¦Û¤vªº¶H¼x¨t²Î(¦p»y¨¥)ªº­­¨îªº³oºØ¾Ä°«Åܱo¦³·N¸q¡CJane Hill(1988b)«ü¥X¡ASapirªº¦a¦ì¦b©ó¦]®É¨î©y¦a¬Ý«Ý»y¨¥¨t²Îªººò±K©Ê¡C¦]¦¹, §Ú­Ì¤£½×±NSapirÂk¬° ¡§»y¨¥¡X«ä·Q¡¨¨M©w½×ªº¥ß³õ©ÎªÌ¬O±N»y¨¥µø¬°«Ê³¬¨t²Îªºµ²ºc¥D¸q¥ýÅX³£­n¤p¤ß¡C¦bSapirªºµÛ§@ ¡§Language¡¨ùØ, ¥L¦³¤@µÛ¦Wªº³¯­z¡G©¯©Î¤£©¯¦a¡A¨S¦³¤@ºØ»y¨¥¬O±M¾î¦a©l²×¦p¤@¦a¡A©Ò¦³¤åªk³£¦³¯}ºì¡C

 

3.1.3  Benjamin Lee Whorf¡A¥@¬ÉÆ[¤ÎÁôÂêºÃþ«¬

Benjamin Lee Whorf(1897-1941)¬O¤@­Ó¤Æ¾Ç¤uµ{®v¡A¥L¦³Âù­«ªº¥Í²P¦p¡G«OÀI¥N²z¤H©M»y¨¥¾ÇªÌ¡C¥L¹ï»y¨¥ªº¿³½ì°_©ó¥L¹ï©v±Ð©M¬ì¾Çªº½Ä¬ðªºÃö¤ß¡CWhorf¼ö¤Á¾\Ū¤¤¬ü¬wªº¥v«e¥v©M°¨¶®¦Ò¥j¾Ç¡C«á¨Ó¥L¤S¾Ç²ßHebrewµS¤Ó»y¥H¬ãŪ¸t¸g¬ù¡A¦Ó¥BµÛ°g©ó¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¦­´Áªº¼@§@®a¡B»y¨¥¾Ç®a©M¯«¸Üªº®Ñ¡CAntoine Fabre d'Olivet ´£¥X¸àÄÀ¾Çªº²z½×¡A¨Ó¸àÄÀµS¤Óªº¨C¤@­Ó¦r¥À¨t²Î¤¤ªº¦r¥À¬O©M¯S®í·N¸qªº¦r¥À¬ÛÃöÁpªº¡C

³o¨Ç·N¸q¥i¯à¬O¥´¶}¹ï§@ªÌ¦bGenesis¡m³Ð¥@¬ö¡n(¬ù¸t¸gªº²Ä¤@¨÷)®Ñ¤¤©Ò¬Ý¨ìªºÁôÂ÷N¸qªº¤@§âÆ_°Í¡CWhorf ¬ã¨s¤åªkªº¨ú®|¬O§ó¦hªº¬ì¾Ç¦ý¨Ã¥¼´î¤Ö­ìªìªº¥Ð³¥¡C¥L¼sªx¾\Ū»y¨¥¤Î»y¨¥¾Çªº¸ê®Æ¡A´X¦~«á¤S±µÄ²¨ì¬ü¬w¦L¦a¦w»y¡C¼Æ¦~«á¡A¥Lµoªí½×¤å©ó¬ü°ê¾Ç¤H°ê»Ú¤j·| (International congress Americanists) ¨Ã¥B¥Z¸ü¦b±M·~´Á¥Z¡C¥L¦b1928¦~¹J¨ì Sapir ¥B¥L¦b­C¾|¤j¾Çªº¬ã¨s¡A¨Ï¥L±µÄ²¨ì·sªºª¾ÃѸ귽¦Ó¨Ï¥L§ó²`¨è¤F¸Ñ¤åªk²z½×¡C

Whorf¹ï»y¨¥¾Ç²z½×³Ì¦³¦Wªº°^Äm¬O¥L±Mª`¦b»y¨¥»P¥@¬ÉÆ[ªºÃöÁp¡C¥L¬Û«H¥ô¦ó»y¨¥µ²ºc¬Ò¥]§t¤@ºØ¥@¬É©Êµ²ºcªº²z½×¡A¥L±N¤§ºÙ¬°§Î¦Ó¤W¾Ç(metaphysics)¡A¤×¨ä¬O¦b¸ÑÄÀ¬°¦ó»y¨¥©M»P¨ä¦Û¤v©Ò³Bªº¤å¤Æ¤j¤£¬Û¦P®É¡A§ó¥[¦aÅãª`¡C

¤@­ÓHopi (¬ü°êÀN¥Ö±Ú¦L²Ä¦w¤H)¥uÀ´±oÀN¥Ö±Ú»y©M¥L©Ò³BªÀ·|ªº¤å¤Æ·§©À¡A«o¦³©M§Ú­Ì¬Û¦Pªº¨£¸Ñ¡C§Ú­Ì·|°²³]¥L¸ò§Ú­Ì¤@¼Ë¹ï®É¡BªÅªºª½Ä±¬O´¶¦Pªº¡C¯S§Oªº¬O¡A¥L¦³®É¨S¦³´¶¦Pªº¨£¸Ñ©Î¹ï®É¶¡ªºª½Ä±¡A¦p¤@¯ë´¶¹M»{¬°®É¶¡¬O¥­Ã­¬y°Ê¥B³sÄòªº¡A±q¹L¥h¡B²{¦b¨ì¥¼¨Ó³£¬O¬Ûµ¥ªº³t²v¡C¥L­Ìªº®É¶¡·Q¹³¬O¤ÏÂЪº¡A¨Ï±oÆ[¹î­û³Q±a¤J¨ì¥Ñ¹L¥hª½±µ¬yÂà¶i¤J¥¼¨Óªº±¡¹Ò¤U¡C

¦]¦¹¡AHopi»y©M¤å¤ÆÁôÂà ¡§§Î¦Ó¤W¾Ç¡¨¡A§Y§Ú­Ì©ÒºÙªºÃö©ó®ÉªÅªºnaïve Æ[ÂI¡A³o³¡¤À¬OHopi»P¨ä¥¦¤å¤Æ¤£¦Pªº ¡§§Î¦Ó¤W¾Ç¡¨¡C

¹ïWhorf¦Ó¨¥¡A»y¨¥¾Ç¤ÀªRªº¥Øªº¬O­n´y­z¥@¬ÉÆ[¡C¬JµM¸ê°T´£¨Ñ¤H¦]¨S¦³Ä±¹î¥»¨­ªº¿ï¾Ü©M²ßºD¡A¦Ó¥OWhorfµLªkª½±µ±´¸ß¨ìµª®×¡A«h¥L­Ì»Ý­n´Ó°ò©ó¦³¨t²Î¦aÆ[¹î¤åªk¼Ë»ª¡A¯S§O¬O¦b§¹¥þ¤£¦Pªº»y¨¥¶¡ªº¤ñ¸û¡A¨Ò¦p­^»y(©Î¨ä¥¦¼Ú»y)©MHopi»y(©Î¨ä¥¦¬ü¬w¦L¦a¦w»y)¡C

Whorf¤]¨Ï¥Î ¡§configuration¡¨(§ÎºA)ªº¬É­­¡X¥i¥H¬O©ú½TÅãµÛªººØÃþ(ºÙ§@phenotypesÅã©Ê)¤]¥i¥H¬O§t»WÁôÂ꺺ØÃþ(¤]ºÙ§@cryptotypesÁô©Ê)¡C¥H­^»y¬°¨Ò¡A¦Wµü½Æ¼Æ¬O©úÅ㪺ºØÃþ¡A¦]¬°¥¦¥H¦r§À-S¨Ó¼Ð°O¡C¦Ó¹³¦Wµü fish¦b½Æ¼Æ®É¤£ÅÜ¡A¥¦ªº¼Æ¶q¬Oµø¨ä°Êµüªº¼Ë¤l¦Ó©w(the fish are in the tank)©ÎªÌ¦³µL«aµü (fish appeared)¡C¤£¤Îª«°Êµü¦b­^»y¤¤«h¬OÁô©ÊªººØÃþ¡A¦]¬°¥L­Ì¨S¦³¯S®íªº¦r§À©Î¼Ð°O¨Ó°Ï¤À¥L­Ì»P¨ä¥¦°Êµüªº®t²§¡C ¡§¦rªº¤ÀÃþ¤£¬O¾aªí­±§ÎºA¡A°£«D¦b¯S®í¥y«¬¡A¦³¨Ï¥Î©M±À½×ªº°ÝÃD¡C¥u¦³¯S©wªº³W«h¤~¯à¥O§Ú­Ì¤F¸Ñ­^»yªº¤@¨Ç¯S©w°Êµü¦p¡Ggo, lie, sit, rise, gleam, sleep, arrive, appear, rejoice»P¨ä¥¦°Êµü(¦p¡Gcook, push, see, seat, take, show)ªº¬Û¦ü©Î¬Û²§³B¡C

°Ï§OÁô©ÊºØÃþ«Ü­«­nªº´X­Ó²z¥Ñ¬O¡G

1.Åã¥Ü»y¨¥ªº°Ï§O¤£¥H¦r¬Ý¨Ó¦p¦ó©Î¯à°µ¤°»ò¡A¤]¦b©ó¥L­Ì¨S¦³©Î¤£¯à°µªº¡C

2.¬Û«HÁô©Ê·N§Y»y¨¥¦b¥i¾r¶¿ªºµ{«×¤U¬O¥i¥H§ó²¤Æªº

3.¨t²Î¦a½T»{Åã©Ê¤ÎÁô©Êªº§ÎºA¡A¨Ï±o¤Ñ¥Íªº»y¥ÎªÌ¬O¥H¸gÅçªk«h¬°¨ÌÂk¨Ó­­¨î»y¨¥ªº¨Ï¥Î¡C

»y¨¥©M¥@¬ÉÆ[ªºÃö«Y¬OWhorfªº¤¤¤ßijÃD¡A¤]«ùÄò¬°»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Çªº­«­n³¡¤À¡C¦ý§Ú­ÌÃö«Y»y¨¥©M¥@¬ÉÆ[ªº¨£¸Ñ§ïÅÜ¡A¦]¦¹¹ï©ó¥L­Ì¶¡Ãö«Y¤]¸òµÛ§ïÅÜ¡CWhorf¨Ï¥Îªº¥@¬ÉÆ[ªº¨£¸Ñºò±Kµ²¦X¤Fª¾ÃѤå¤Æ²z½×¡A¦P®É¤]µ²¦X¤F¯S®íªº»y¨¥²z½×©M¤å¤Æ²z½×,³o¨Ç²z½×¦­©óªÀ·|»y¨¥¾ÇªÌ©M¬ã¨s¸sÅé»P­Ó¤H¶¡ªºÅܰʪº¸gÅçªk«hªº©M¬ã¨sªÌ

 

3.2»y¨¥¬Û¹ï½×

Sapir ¦b1929 ¡§The status of linguistics as a science¡¨ ªº½×¤å¤¤±j¯P³¯­z¡G§Ú­Ì·Q¹³³o­Ó¥@¬Éªº¤è¦¡³Q§Ú­Ì¤é±`©Ò¨Ï¥Îªº»y¨¥¡C¥L«ü¥X¤H¨ä¹ê¬O¨ü¯S©w»y¨¥©Ò¤ä°t¡A¥L»¡¡G

¥H¬° ¡§¤@­Ó¤H¤£¨Ï¥Î»y¨¥¦Ó¥i¥H¾AÀ³¯u¹êªÀ·|©M»y¨¥¥u¬O¸Ñ¨M¤@¨Ç·¾³q©Îªí¹F°ÝÃDªºªþÄÝ«~¡¨ ®Ú¥»¬O¤Û·Q¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A ¡§¯u¹êªº¥@¬É¡¨«Ü¤jªº¼h­±¬O´Ó°ò¦b¸sÅ骺»y¨¥²ßºD¡C¨S¦³¨âºØ»y¨¥够¬Û¹³¨ì¥i¥Nªí¬Û¦PªºªÀ·|¡C¤£¦PªºªÀ·|°Ï¤À¤£¦Pªº¥@¬É¡A¦Ó¤£¶È¬O¬Û¦Pªº¥@¬É¦³µÛ¤£¦Pªº¼ÐÅÒ¡C

Whorfªº ¡§»y¨¥¬Û¹ï½×ªº­ì«h¡¨ ªº¬[ºc¼vÅT¤F©¹«áªº¤Q¦~¡C¦bWhorf(1956c:221)ùØ¡A¥L·N«ü¡G ¡§¤£¦P¤åªkªº¨Ï¥ÎªÌ³Q¤åªk«ü¦V¤£¦PªºÆ[¹î¨å«¬¡AÆ[¹î¬Û¦üªº¦æ°Ê¤]¦³¥i¯à¦³¤£¦Pªºµû»ù¡C¦]¦¹§@¬°¤@­ÓÆ[¹î­û­n¦³¤£¦Pªº¥@¬ÉÆ[¡C(??) 

¦p«e©Ò´£¨ì¡A¥ô¦ó»y¨¥¤åªkµ²ºc³£¥]§t´¶¦Pªº©Î©â¶Hªºµ²ºc²z½×¡A¤ÀÃþ®ÉªÅ©M²{¶H³Ì¦³¦Wªº¨Ò¤l­nºâ¬O­^»y¤¤ ¡§empty¡¨¦rªº¨Ï¥Î¡G

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


¤HÃþ¾Ç©M¥Á±Ú¾Ç¤¤³\¦h·§©ÀªºÅG½×¡A¥]§t³\¦h¸gÅçªk«hªº¬ã¨s³£«ü¦V½T»{©Î¤Ï»é»y¨¥¬Û¹ï½×(Hill and Mannheim 1992; Koerner1992; Lucy 1992a)¡A¦]¦¹Whorfªº¬ã¨s¤´µM¬O§l¤Þ¤Hªº¡A§Y¨Ï«á¨Óªº¬ã¨s«ü¥XWhorfªºHopiªº¬ã¨s¬O¦³ºÃ°Ý©Î¹L²¤Æªº<Malotki(1983)>¡C¨Ò¦p§e²{ªºHopi»yªº®ÉºAÅÜ¤Æ (²{¦b¡B¹L¥h¡B¥¼¨Ó)¡C

¾¨ºÞ¦³¨Ç¸gÅçªk«h¤WªººÃ°Ý¡AWhorfªº¡u»y¨¥¼vÅT«ä·Q¡v¤´¬O»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Çªº­«­n½ÒÃD¡C

Whorf»{¬° ¡§¤åªkªº½dÃ¥, ¬O¤@ºØ²ßºDªº©MÃø¥H¶i¤J»¡¸ÜªÌ·N©Àªº¬É½u¡A¦]¦¹¤]±N§Î¦¨¤å¤Æ©MªÀ·|½dÃ¥¶Ç¹F¤Î¦A»s®Éªº¯S³\ªº»â°ì¡C

 

3.2.1 »y¨¥¨Ï¥@¬É¨ãÅé¤Æ¡G±q von Humboldt ¨ì Cassirer

¦­Sapir¤ÎWhorf¤@¥@¬ö«eªº¼w°ê¥~¥æ©x¤Î»y¨¥¾ÇªÌvon Humboldt (1767-1835) ¤w¦b¥L¦º«á¥Ñ¥L¥S§ÌAlexander¦L¦æªº½×¤å ¡§Linguistic variability and intellectual development¡¨ (»y¨¥¾ÇÅܤƤΪ¾Ãѵo®i)¬O²Ä¤@­Ó¦³¨t²Î³¯­z»y¨¥§Y¥@¬ÉÆ[ªºµÛ§@  (German Weltanschauung)¡C

¨CºØ»y¨¥§âµe¦b¤@­Ó¥L©ÒÄݪº°é¤lùØ¡A¦Ó¥L¥u¦³¦b¦P®É¶i¤J¥t¤@¸s¤Hªº°é¤lùؤ~¦³¥i¯àÂ÷¶}­ì¨Óªº°é¤l¡C¾Ç²ß¤@ºØ¥~°ê»y¨¥¡AÀ³¸Ó¥Ñ­ì¥ý­Ó¤H¥DÆ[ªº¦t©zÆ[Âà¦Ó©ºªA¤@­Ó·sªº¥ß³õ¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A»y¨¥§Y¥]§t¤HÃþ§¹¾ã·§©Àµ²ºc¡A¤Î·§©À¤Wªº¤èªk¡C¦ý³o¨Ã¤£®e©ö¹F¦¨(·N«ü©ºªA·sªº¥ß³õ)¡A¦]¬°¤HÁ`¬O±N­Ó¤Hªº¦t©zÆ[¡X¨Æ¹ê¤W¬O­Ó¤H­ì¦³ªº»y¨¥¹Ï¹³¡A©Î¦h©Î¤Ö±a¤J©Ò¾Ç²ßªº¥~°ê»yùØ¡C

»y¨¥¬O¨Ï§Ú­Ì·Pı¥@¬Éªº¦³§Q¤u¨ã¡X´£¨Ñ¤F«ä·Qªº¤ÀÃþ¡X´£¨Ñ¤F«ä·Qªº¤ÀÃþ¡X¦ý¦P®É¡A¤]¦]¬°³oºØ¯S©Ê¡A­­¨î¤F§Ú­Ìªº¥i¯à¡A­­¨î§Ú­Ì¯à¬Ý¦h»·©Î¬Ý¦hªñ¡C

­õ¾Çªº°²³]¬O¡G»y¨¥ªº·§©À¬O¦ÛµMªº¨ãÅé¤Æ¡A¦P®É±N¦UºØ¥¼¦¨§Îªº¡B²V¶Ãªº¨Æ¥ó´Â¦V´¼¼zªºµo®i¡C¦p»y¨¥¾ÇªÌFerdinand de Saussure ©M­õ¾Ç®a Ernst Cassirer¦p¬OÆ[¡C

³oºØ°²»¡®Ú·½©óKant ¹ï©ó¤HÃþ´¼¼zªº¤O¶q¨Ï¤HÃþ¹ï©óµL¯´§Çªº»PµLªk²z¸Ñªº¦t©z¦³©Ò·Pª¾¡C¦hÁ«¹ï®ÉªÅªºa priori principle (¥ýÅç­ì«h)¡X§Ú­Ì±q¹îıÀô¹Ò¤¤ªº¦UºØ²{¶H¥h²ß±o¥@¬É¡A§Ú­Ì³z¹L¹ï®ÉªÅªº¥ýÅç·§©À¥h¸gÅç¡C

ÀËÅç¥HCassirer¬°¥Nªíªº·sKant¾Ç¬£¦b»y¨¥¤Wªº­õ¾Ç¤u§@¡A§Ú­Ìµo²{©Ò¿×ªº¨ú¥NKantªº¦b»y¨¥¾Ç¤ÀÃþ¤¤ªº»{ª¾Ãþ«¬¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¦³®É¤w¸g¬°Humboldt©Ò§¹¦¨¡C

¹³ª¾Ãѯë, »y¨¥¤£¶È¬O ¡§«þ¨©¡¨¨Æª«¡F¥¦§ó¨ãÅé¤Æ¤F§Ú­Ì¦bºë¯«­±ªº¨£¸Ñ¡X¦Ó³oÁ`¬O¦b§Ú­Ì«ÈÆ[¦s¦bªº»{ª¾ùب㦳¨M©w©Êªº­n¯À¡C(Cassirer 1955:158)

¥Î»y¨¥¤ÀÃþ¨Ó¥N´«»{ª¾¤ÀÃþ¬O¦ñÀHµÛ¥N»ùªº¡C¤HÃþ«ä·QªºÃþ«¬°²³]¬O¥i¤À¨Éªº©M´¶¦Pªº¡A¦ý¤HÃþªº»y¨¥¥ß§Y®i²{°ª«×ªº¯S®í©Ê¡A¨Ï±o¥ø¹Ï­n¦X¥G»y¨¥¾Çªº¹Ï¹³¥h½Ķ¨âºØ»y¨¥¬O¦³©T¦³ªºÃø«×ªº¡C¨Ò¦p©Ô¤B»y¤¤ªº ¡§cases¡¨©Î¦W»yªºÅÜ­µ¨Ã¤£©ö±qªí­±¨Ó°Ï§O¡A¦p­^¤å©M¤¤¤å¡C¬Û¦üªº¡A¼Ú»y¦³µü¡§©Ê¡¨ªº°Ï¤À(¨k©Ê¡B¤k©Ê¡B³±©Ê)¡A¹³¯Z¹Ï(Bantu)»y¬O¦p¦¹¦ÛµM¦a°Ï¤À¦Ü¤Ö¦³¤@¥´ªºµü ¡§©Ê¡¨(©Î¦Wµü¤ÀÃþ)¡C§Ú­Ì¤F¸Ñ¤£¦P»y¨¥¥H¤£¦P¤è¦¡¤ÀÃþªº¨Æ¹ê¡A«h§Ú­Ì¤]­n­±¹ï¦Û¥Ñªí¹F¨ü­­ªº°ÝÃD¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A»y¨¥µ¹¤©»y¥ÎªÌ¦p¦¹ªº¤@­Ó·Q¹³¥@¬Éªº®Ø¬[¡A»y¥ÎªÌ¥i¯à¦b¦¹®Ø¬[¤U¸Ñ©ñ¦Û¤v©M¥H·sÂA¡B·sªº©M¿W¥ßªº»y¨¥¤è¦¡¥h¬Ý«Ý³o­Ó¥@¬É¶Ü¡HCassirer¦p¦PKant¯ë¡A»{¬°¤HÃþ¸Ñ¨M³o­Ó°ÝÃD³¡¤À¬O³z¹LÃÀ³N¡A¥¦¤¹³\­Ó¤H¥´¯}¶Ç²Î»y¨¥ªº­­¨î¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¹ïKant¦Ó¨¥¡AÃÀ³N®aªº¤Ñ¸ê¬OµLªk³Q±Ð·|ªº¡A¥L­Ì¦³¦Û¤v´yø¥@¬Éªº¤è¦¡¡C

Cassirer»{¬° ¡§»y¨¥¬O´y­z¨Æ¹êªº¤u¨ã¡¨¡A¦]¦¹¥¦¬O¥@¬Éªº«ü«n¡A¦ý¤£¬O±©¤@ªº¡A­Ó¤Hªºª½Ä±¥i¥HÂÇ¥ÑÃÀ³N¨Ó´yø¥@¬É¡C(Cassirer¡£1942¡¤1979:186)¡A­Ó¤Hªºª½Ä±¥i¥H¥ÎÃÀ³N´yø¡A¹ÎÅ骺ª½Ä±¥i¥H¥Î¯«¸Ü´yø¡A¦Ó¯«¸Ü¬Ý¨£¦bÅܰʪº¸gÅ礤¦ÛµMªº­±»ª¡A¦p¦P¤HÃþ­±¹ï¬Û¤Ïªº§ïÅܤ@¼Ë¡A ¡§¥Ñ´r§Ö¨ì´d¶Ë¡A¥Ñ¿³°ªªö¯P¨ìªq³à¡A¥Ñ·Å©M¤¯·O¨ì¨g«ã¡C(Cassirer [1942]1979:174)

¹ïCassirer ¦Ó¨¥¡A¦³°k²æ¡¨»y¨¥¨cÅ¢¡¨ªº¤è¦¡¡XÃÀ³N»P¯«¸Ü¡A¥¦­Ì¦³¦Û¤vªº¯S©Ê¡A¦Û¤vªº¥Í©R¡A¿W¥ß©ó»P»y¨¥³sµ²ªº¦X²z«ä·Q¡C©¯Á«¦³ÃÀ³N©M¯«¸Ü¡A¤HÃþ¦³´yø©M·Pª¾¡B¤F¸Ñ©Mªíºt¥L­Ì¨­¤ßªºÆ[ÂI¦Ó¥i¥H¤£³Q»y¨¥ªº¨ãÅé¤Æ¡C

 

3.2.2 »y¨¥--§@¬°¥@¬É«ü«nªº¡GÁô³ë

Sapir-Whorf³Ìªñ³Q´£¥X¨Óªº¤@ºØ°^Äm¬O¹ïÁô³ëªº¬ã¨s¡AÁô³ëªº¤ÀªR¡A´£¨Ñ§Ú­Ì²z¸Ñ¥@¬Éªº·§©À¡CGeorge Laitoff ©MMark Johnson ( 1980 ) ªº¨£¸Ñ¡G

(i)§Ú­Ì¨C¤Ñ»y¨¥¤¤ªºÁô³ë¦h¨ì¤ñ§Ú­ÌÃhºÃªºÁÙ¦h

(ii)Áô³ë¬OÆ[¬Ý¤@ºØ¸gÅ窺¤èªk¡A©M¥t¤@­Ó¸gÅ窺Ãö«Y

(iii)Áô³ë·t¥ÜÃö©ó¥@¬É©ÎªÌ§Ú­Ìªº¸gÅ窺¯S©w²z½×¡C

¨Ò¦p¡A³z¹LÁô³ë¥Î­^»y²z¸Ñ ¡§ theory(²z½×)"ªº·§©À¬°²z½×ªº·§©À¥¿«Øºc¤¤¡C(Lakoff and Johnson 1980:52)¡A¥H¤Uªºªí­z¤]¥i¥H¥Î¨Ó½Í½×²z½×¡A¦p¡Gfoundation(«Ø¥ß), support(¤ä¼µ), shaky(¤£Ã­©Tªº) , stand, fall, collapse(­Ë¶ò), framework(¬[ºc) (ibid..P.46)

¥t¥~ÁÙ¦³ ¡§UNDERSTANDING IS SEEING¡¨(or IDEAS ARE LIGHT SOURCES) ¦p¦P¦b¡G

     I see what you¡¦re saying.

     It looks different from my point of view.

     I¡¦ve got the whole picture.

     That¡¦s an insightful idea.

     That was a brilliant remark.

     The argument is clear.

     Could you elucidate you remarks?    (ibid.p.48)

 

³o¨Ç¤@¯ë¤ÆªºÁô³ëªº·§©À¤¹³\§Ú­Ì³q¹L¸gÅ窺»â°ì¥h³s±µ¤@¨ÇµLÃö©ÎªÌ¤£¤@©w¬Û¦üªº¨Æ¥ó¡CLakoff and Johnson ±NºÙ¤§¬° ¡§µ²ºcÁô³ë¡¨ , ¥¦¥i¥H ¡§»¤µo¬Û¦ü©Ê¡¨¡C(1980:147)¡A¨Ò¦p¡GIDEAS ARE FOOD. §Y¬O³z¹LÁô³ë¥h«Ø¥ß¨âºØ»â°ì(·Q©M¦Y)ªº¬Û¦ü©Ê¡C

®Ú¾ÚLakoff and Johnsonªº»¡ªk¡AÁô³ë¦p¦P§Ú­Ìªº¸gÅç´y­z¤@¼Ë¥i±µ¨ü¡A¦]¬°¥¦¸ò¨ä¥¦¤@¯ëÁô³ë·§©Àµ²¦X¦b¤@°_¦Ó§Î¤@­P©Êªº¾ãÅé¡C³o¤]³ê°_¤å¤Æ¤HÃþ¾ÇªÌ¥H¨t²Îªºª¾ÃÑ¥hÆ[¬Ý¤å¤Æ(sections 2.2and 2.3.4).

 

3.2.3 ÃC¦â¬É©w©M»y¨¥¬Û¹ï½×

»y¨¥¬Û¹ï½×³ÌÄY¼Fªº§åµû¤§¤@¨Ó¦Û¬ã¨sÃC¦â¥æ¤eµ²¦Xªº¤H­û¡ABerlin and Kay (1969) °ò©ó ¥Î20 ºØ»y¨¥©M§ó¤jªº¼Æ¥Øªº¤å¾Çªº·|¶EÃö©óÃC¦âªº±M¦³¦Wµüªº¸gÅç¬ã¨s,¨Ã¥B½èºÃ¡G

(i) ¦b»y¨¥¤W¦³´¶¹Mªº­­¨î±ø¥ó¡A¥h§â°ò¥»¦â¶i¦æ½s½X©M²Õ´¡A©M(ii)»y¨¥«ç¼Ë¶W®É³z¹L§â·sªº°ò¥»¦â³N»y¼W¥[¨ì¥L­Ìªºµü·J§ïÅÜ¡C

¥L­Ìµo²{¡A¦³11 ºØ´¶¹Mª¾Ä±ªººØÃþ®Ú¾Ú3.2»¡©úªº¶¥¼h²Õ´¨Óªí¥Ü a<b ·N§Y b ¥]§t a¡A¦Óa¦s¦b©ó¨CºØ»y¨¥¡Ab«h¦³®É¦s¦b¦³®É¤£¦s¦b¡C

 

 

 

 

 

 


¡@

¦b¬Û¦Pªº¦¸§Ç¤U¡A¦³11ºØ¤ÀÃþ¥i³Q¨Ì§Ç¸ÑŪ¡A¦ý¦³¨Ç¨t²Î¥u¦³¶Â©M¥Õ¡A¦Ó¦³¨Ç«h¦³§ó¦h°ò¥»¦â¡C

Kay and McDaniel (1978)µy«á¸ÑÄÀ³oºØ¤Ö¼Æªºµo²{¡X¬O´Ó°ò©ó¤HÃþ¯«¸g¥Í²z¾Ç¹ï·Pıªººt¶i¡C¥L­Ì¤]­«­z¦b¥þ¥@¬É¤£¬ÛÃöªº»y¨¥¤¤µo²{ªº°ò¥»¦âªº³N»y¡A©Î±j©Î®z¦a¤Ï»é¤FSapir-Whorfªº°²»¡¡CWhorf»{¬°¡G¥@¬É¦b¤dÅܸU¤ÆªºÆ[©À¤¤³Q§Ú­Ìªº¤ß´¼¡X¤j³¡¤À·N«ü§Ú­Ì¤ß´¼¤¤ªº»y¨¥¨t²Î--©Ò²Õ´¡CKay and McDaniel(1978:610) »¡¡G

¡§¨CºØ»y¨¥³£·|­­¨î­Ó¤H¤dÅܸU¤ÆªºÆ[©À¡A³o¬O¥¦¦Û¤v¯S®í©Êªº»y¸q¾Ç¬[ºc"¡C³o¦n¹³³Q¹ï½T»{°ò¥»¦âªº´¶¹M³W«ß©Êªº¬ã¨sµL®Ä¡C

 

¹ï©óKay and McDanielªº¬ã¨sªº§åµû¦³¡G

(i)¥L­Ì»~¸Ñ¤FWhorf  (ii)»y¨¥¤ÀÃþ¨Ã¤£¤@©w»P¯S©w¤ß²z¤u§@¬ÛÃö¡C

¨Ò¦p¡ALucy©M Shweder (1979)¤£¶È½èºÃ»y¨¥©M°O¾ÐÃѧO¨t²Î¬ÛÃö¡A¥B¤]»¡Whorf¤]¨S»¡ ¡§¥@¬É¬O¦b¤dÅܸU¤ÆªºÆ[©À¤¤³Q»{ª¾¡¨¡A¦Ó¶È¬O²³æ¦a»¡¥@¬É§e²{¥¦¥»¨­¡A¦Ó»y¨¥ªº¤u§@¬O¥h²Õ´¥¦ªºÅܤơCWhorfªºÆ[ÂI¬O¦³ÃöÅ޿誺¥²­n©Ê¡C¥L¬Û«H©Ò¦³ªº¨Æ±¡¬O ¡§¬J¬Û¹³¤S¤£¬Û¦P¡¨¡C ¨S¦³»y¨¥¬O¿W¥ßÅܤƪº©M³QÂkÃþ¬°¿W¥ßªº¨t²Î¡C¬Û¤Ï¡A»y¨¥¥]¬Aª¾Ä±ªº¤ÀÂkÃþ¡C

Berlin ©M Kay µo²{©R¦W³¡¤ÀÃC¦âªº°Ï¤À¬O¤@ºØ ¡§¦ÛµM¡¨ªºÁͶաCµü·J¡A¦p¦PÃC¦â³N»y©Ò®i¥Üªº¨º¼Ë¡A¦n¹³¤£¦b¤ÀÂ÷ªººØÃþ¤¤³Q²Õ´¡A¦Ó¬O³Q¤@¹ï¹ïªº¯S¼x©Ò´y­z¡X¦p¦P­l¥Í»y·N¾ÇªÌJerrold katz(1964)©Ò»¡¡A¦ý¬O¤Ï¦Ó¬O§@¬°³sÄò¨ç¼Æ¡C

Kay and McDaniel(1978)«h½èºÃ ¡§fuzzy set theory¡¨ (¼Ò½k²z½×?) ©M ¡§prototype theory¡¨(­ì«¬²z½×)§ó¦³¯à¤O´x´¤³oºØ©RÃD¡C

 

3.2.4 »y¨¥©M¬ì¾Ç

»y¨¥¬Û¹ï½×½Í¨ì¤HÃþ¾Ç¤u§@ªº®Ö¤ß¡A¦]¥¦¸IIJ¨ì¤HÃþ¬ì¾Çªº¥»½è¡A¦Ó¤£¶È¬O¥Íª«ªº¥»½è¡C ¬O§_²`¼h»y¨¥¯uªº­¢¨Ï§Ú­Ì¥Î¥¦¨Ó´y­z§Ú­Ì©Î¥L¤H©Ò°µ¡B©Ò¬Û«H¡B©Ò·Q¤Î©Ò·Pı¡H¬O§_»y¨¥¥»¨­¥Nªí¤@ºØ¯S§Oªº¤è¦¡¡A¦p¦P§Ú­Ì»P¥Í­Ñ¨ÓÀ¹µÛ¬Ý¥@¬Éªº¤@°Æ²´Ãè¦Ó¥¼Ä±¹î¨ì¥¦ªº¦s¦b¡A¦ý§Ú­Ì¤S¦p¦ó¬Ý¨£¥L¤H¬O§_À¹µÛ¤£¦Pªº²´Ãè¡H³o°ÝÃD¦³³\¦hµª®×¡A¦ý¨S¦³¤@­Ó¥i§¹¥þ¥O¤Hº¡·N¡A¦ý¶°µ²°_¨Ó¡A«h²Õ¦¨¥i¥O§Ú­Ì¦b¤HÃþ¾Ç¬ã¨s¤W§ä¨ì«´¦Xªº¤u¨ã¡C

­º¥ý¡ACassirerªº²z½×¡A¬D¾Ô©M¸ÕµÛÂà¦VÃÀ³N®a¡C·N§Y¡A§Ú­Ì»Ý­n¦p³yª«ªÌ¥»½è¯ë¦æ°Ê¡A·í§Ú¤´¦b¸sÅé¥i¹w´Áªº·Ç«h¤¤¦æ°Ê¦Ó¤£©È¹H­I¹w´Á¡CÃÀ³Nªºµo²{¦p¦PÃÀ³N§e²{¹ï¤j²³ªº·§©À¡C¦P®É¡A¦p¦PÃÀ³N®aªº¥@¬É¡A¬ì¾Ç¥H¤Î·s·§©À¤´¬O´¶¤Î©M¥i§Ô¨üªº¡A¥u­n¥L­Ì¨S¦³¶ZÂ÷¤j®a¥i±µ¨üªº·§©À¤Ó»·¡C

¨ä¦¸¡ACassirer¤]¬ã¨s¤å¤Æ²£ª«¡A¦p¯«¸Ü¡X¥¦¬ªÅS¤FªÀ¸s¤¤¦¨­û¥i¯à¤£Ä±¹î©Î¤£ªÖ¤½¶}©Ó»{ªº¤@¨Ç¯S©w¨Æ¹ê¡C¦Ó³o¨£¸Ñ¥¿¬O¶H¼x¤HÃþ¾Çªº¤¤¤ßijÃD¡C

Freud«hÂX®i ¡§¹Ú¡¨¬O¤ñ°µ¹Úªº¤H§ó¾÷§Dªº¡A¦b¹Ú¤¤§Ú­Ì¥i¥H¦³·sªº³sµ²¡A©Ó»{°ÝÃD¡A¬Æ¦Üµo²{¸Ñ¨M¤§¹D¡C

²Ä¤TºØ¬O¬ã¨s¦b¨º¨Ç±ø¥ó¡A»y¨¥ªº¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¥i¥H§JªA­­¨î¥L­Ìªº¥@¬ÉÆ[©ÎªÌ§Î¦Ó¤W¾Ç¡C¦pSilverstein ¦b»y¥Î¾ÇÅܤƪº¬ã¨s¡C¨Ï¥Î»y¨¥¬ã¨s¤å¤Æ²{¶H¡A§Ú­Ì»Ý­n´ú¸Õ¨º¨Çµ{«×ÀHµÛ»y¨¥©M»y¥ÎªÌ¡A¥i¥HªÖ©w°Ï§O¨Ã¥Bµ¹§Ú­Ì¨M©w©Êªº·t¥Ü¦b«ç¼Ë°µ©M´¶¤Î¤Æ¡C¯Á¤Þ¾Ç²z½×«h´£¨Ñ¤F³o¨Ç½Õ¬dªº¬ã¨s¤u¨ã¡C

¨ä¥¦ªº«h¬O¦A«ä¦Ò»y¨¥ªº·§©À©M¶°¦X§Ú­Ì¦b¤åªkÃþ«¬¤Wªºµo²{¤Î³sµ²§Ú­Ì¹ï»y¨¥ªÀ·|ªº¤F¸Ñ¡A¹³¬O¦P®É´£¨Ñ´XºØ²Å½X¡BªÀ·|¬y¦æ©M°Ñ»PªÌªº¦X§@¤@¯ë¡C

¤£½×§Ú­Ì¿ï¾Ü¨º±ø¸ô½u¡A§Ú­Ì³£¥²¶·©Ó»{¬YºØ»y¨¥¬Û¹ï½×­ì«h¤W¼vÅT¥ô¦ó¬ì¾Ç¨Æ·~¡C¥ô¦ó²z½×¡A¨Ò¦p¡G°²»¡¡B¿W¥ßªº²{¶H¡B´£¨Ñ´¶¹Mªº­ì«h¡X³£»Ý­n»y¨¥¥h´£¨ÑÆ[ÂI¡C¤£¹L³o¼Ëªº©Ó»{¡A¤£À³¸Ó¦s¦b¨â·¥©Î¤O¶q¤§¶¡©Ô§è¡A¦³®É¥s¥DÆ[¥D¸q©M«ÈÆ[¥D¸q¡C¥DÆ[¥D¸q¶}©l©ó°²©w¥ô¦ó²{¶H³Q¤H³¡¤À³Ð³y©Î«Øºc¡A³o­Ó¤H¬Oµo²{©Î´y­z¥¦ªº¤H¡C

«ÈÆ[¥D¸q¬O²z½×ªº³zµø¡A»W·N©¿²¤ªÀ·|¾ú¥v¸ÑÄÀªº°ò¦¡A¨Ã¥BÁnºÙ¤@­Ó´¶¹Mªº¡A¯ßµ¸¿W¥ßªº¥h´y­z²{¶Hªº¥i¯à©Ê¡C

 

3.3 Language, languages, and linguistic varieties (»y¨¥¬Û¹ï½×)

°Ï¤À ¡§language¡¨ ©M ¡§a language¡¨«Ü­«­n¡C«eªÌ(language )¬O¤HÃþ¨­¤ß¥æ¬y©Ò¨Ï¥Îªº¯S§OÃþ«¬ªº°O¸¹ (¨Ò¦pÁn­µ¡Bµo­µ)¡A²Õ´¦¨¤@²Õ¯S§Oªº«¬ºA(¦p¬ÛÃö³sªº¤@²Õ)¡A¦Ó¥B¦r¥À¬OªÀ·|¾ú¥vªº¯S§O²£ª«¡A¥H¤@ºØ¥iÃѧOªº²Å¸¹¦p¡G­^»y¡BªiÄõ»y¡B(«D¬w) ´µµØ¦è¨½»y¡BµØ»y¡B¬ü»y¼Ð»x¡B­^»y¼Ð»x¡C

 

½T»{¡§a language"(¤è¨¥)§@¬°¯S©w¸sÅ骺»y¨¥(­^»y¡B(«D¬w) ´µµØ¦è¨½»y)ªº¨t²Î¨Ï¥Î¡A¥i¯à¤Q¤À¦¨°ÝÃD¡C¨C¦¸¦³¨t²Îªº½Õ¬d¡A§Ú­Ìµo²{¥¦Åã²{¤j¶qªºÅܤơA³z¹L»y¥ÎªÌ©M±¡¶Õªº¤£¦P¡C³oªí¥Ü¡A§Ú­Ì¤£¯à½T«H§Ú­Ì¥¿¦b´y­zªº¤@¨Ç©Î¬Æ¦Ü¤@¤j¸s»y¥ÎªÌ±N¤ñ¨ä¥¦ªÀ¸s§ó¤j¡C¦bMelanesia(¬ü©Ô¥§¦è¨È(¿D¬wªF¥_³¡¸s®q))¡A¦b«Ü¤pªº»â°ì¤WÃѧO¥X³\¦h¤£¦Pªº ¡§languages¡¨ (¤è¨¥)¡A Papua New Guinea (¤Ú¥¬¨È®q¡A§Y·s´X¤º¨È®q)¡A¦Ü¤Ö¦³750ºØlanguages(¤è¨¥)¡A¦b¤j«°¥«ùØ¡A¤H­Ì³£¥H¬°¦Û¤v»¡µÛ ¡§¬Û¦Pªº»y¨¥¡¨¡A¦ý¨Æ¹ê¤W¥i¯à¦³¤£¦Pªº§Î¦¡©M³W«hªºªí¹F¡C

§Ú­Ì¥²¶·©ú¥Õ©M·Ç³Æ©Î·Q¥X¤èªk¡A¨Ï§Ú­Ì±o¨ì¤@ºØ©M§Ú­Ì¦b¬ã¨sªº¼s¤jºô¸ô¤u§@ªÌ©Ò¹B¥Îªº·Pı¡C(L Milroy1987;Milroy and Milroy1992)

·í§ó¦hªº»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾ÇªÌÂX®i¥L­Ìªº»â°ì¨ì«°¥«¡A¥L­Ì¥²¶·¦Aµû¦ô¶q¤ÆªºªÀ·|»y¨¥¾Ç¡A¨Ã¥B­n¬D¾Ô¦Û¤vªº¤èªk©M²z½×°²³]¡C

 

3.4 Linguistic repertoire(¥þ³¡ªº»y¨¥ÅܤÆ)

Linguistic repertoire ³Ìªì¬O¬°Gumperz(1964:137)©Ò¤¶²Ðªº·§©À¡C¥L´£¤Î¡A¡§¥þÅ骺»y¨¥§Î¦¡¦bªÀ·|¦³·N¸q¦a¬Û¤¬¼vÅTªº¹Lµ{¤¤³Q¨Ï¥Î¡¨ ¡A³o­Ó±¡ªpªº°²©w¬OÁ¿¤@ºØ»y¨¥·N§Y¯A¤Î¤@³s¦êªº¨Mµ¦¹Lµ{¡AÁöµM¤£¤@©w¬O¦³·NÃѪº(Ervin-Tripp1972) .¥þ³¡ªº(»y¨¥)ÅܤƯà¾A¥Î©ó¸sÅé©ÎªÌ­Ó¤H(Platt and Platt 1975)¡C¬O§_­Ó¤Hªº(»y¨¥)Åܤƥi¤@ª½©M¥L©Ò³Bªº¸sÅé¤@¼Ë¡A¬O¸gÅçªk«h°ÝÃDªº¤@³¡¤À¡C°²¦p§Ú­Ì¥u±Mª`¦b»y­µÅé¨tªºÅܤƩM¤p¸sÅ餤¡A«h¥i¯à¤ñ¸û®e©öµo²{­Ó¤H»P¥L©Ò³Bªº¸sÅ骺ÅܤƬۤ@­P¡C°²¦p§Ú­Ì¥]§t¤jªº³æ¦ì(»y·J¿ï¾Ü¡B¨¥»¡Ãþ«¬)©MÂX®i¸sÅ骺½d³ò¡A«h­Ó¤H»P¥L©Ò³B¸sÅ鶡ªºÅܤƴN¥i¯à¤£¨º»ò¤@­P¤F¡C

(»y¨¥)Åܤƪº·§©À¤Þ°_³\¦hª§Ä³¡C­º¥ý¬O¡A(»y¨¥)Åܤƪº¬ã¨s¬O§_¨Ï§Ú­Ì·Pª¾¨ìÅܤƦb¨¥»¡¸sÅ餤¬O´¶¹Mªº¡H²Ä¤G¬O·N§tªº°ÝÃD¡A¤@¥¹§Ú­Ì½T»{¥i¯àªº¿ï¾Ü¡A§Ú­Ì¤]¯à»¡¥X³o¨M©w¬O§_»P»y¥ÎªÌ­ÓÅ骺§ïÅܧΦ¡¬ÛÃö¡H²Ä¤T¬O½T»{»y¨¥©M¤å¤Æ²Õ´ªºÅܤơC­Ó¤H¦p¦ó¯à¦b³Q½á¤©ªºÅܤƤ¤°µ¿ï¾Ü¡H§Ú­Ì¯à°lÂܳoºØ¿ï¾Ü¦Ü ­Ó¤H¡B³B¹Ò¡B¨î«×ªº¦]¯À¶Ü¡H

(»y¨¥)Åܤƪº¨£¸Ñ­¢¨Ï¬ã¨sªÌ«ä¦Ò¤@¨t¦Cªº°ÝÃD¡A³o¨Ç°ÝÃD¶°¤¤¦bªÀ·|¥Í¬¡¤¤»y¨¥ªº¨¤¦â¡C¤@ºØ(»y¨¥)ÅܤƬO©Ò¦³»y¥ÎªÌ³£¦³ªº¡A¤£ºÞ¥L­Ì¬O­n¥h¾Ç®Õ©Î¦h»·¡C¦P®É¡AÅãµM¤@­Ó¤Hªº¥Í¬¡¸gÅç¡A¥]§t¾Ç®Õ¡A¬O¤@­Ó¤H(»y¨¥)ÅܤƤ¤«Ü­«­nªº­n¯À¡C

 

3.5  Speech communities (¨¥»¡ªÀ¸s), heteroglossia(²³»¡¯É¯Æ),and language ideologies (»y¨¥·NÃÑ«¬ºA)

 

¤Ú¤ñ­Û°ª¶ð¬G¨Æ¤¤¶Ç²Î´¼¼zªº­Ë¶ò¬O¤£©¯¡A»y¨¥ªº¤À¤Æ©Î­«¶q¥[³t°ª¶ðªº«Ø¿v¥¢±Ñ¡C¤@¾ã¶ô»y¨¥¥[§Ö«Ø¿v¡A¤Ñ°ó±N¨ì¹F¡K..©Î³\¤Ñ°êªº¹ê²{¤Ó¹L¥^«P¨ì¨Ó¡A¨S¤H¦³®É¶¡¤F¸Ñ¨ä¥¦»y¨¥¡BÆ[ÂI©M¬G¨Æ¡C  Toni Morrison (1994:19)

¥¦±N¦bchapter4¥Á±Ú¾Çªº¤èªkªº°Q½×¤¤»¡©ú¡A»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç®a¬O¨å«¬¤£¥u°µ»y¨¥ºØÃþ¡A¦ý¬O¦b»y¨¥ºØÃþ¤W¡A¤]¦b¯S©wªÀ¸s¤¤©Ò»¡ªº»y¨¥ºØÃþ¡C

 

3.5.1  Speech community : from ideolizodor1 to heteroglossia

¨¥»¡ªÀ¸s¡G±q·NÃÑ«¬ºA¨ì²³»¡¯É¯Æ

»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç®a»PªÀ·|»y¨¥¾Ç®a¤À¨É ¡§¨¥»¡ªÀ¸s§@¬°¯u¥¿ªº¤HÃþªÀ¸s¡X¥h¤À¨É¨Ï¥Î»y¨¥¡C³oÃö«Y¨ì²£¥Í¤£¦P©ó¥¿¦¡¤åªk¾ÇªÌªº¤@ºØ¨ú®|¡A¨º¨Ç¤åªk¾Ç®a¬O±q¥L­Ì¤u§@¨ä¤¤ªº¦P½èªÀ¸s¤¤¶}©l¡C¦P½è¬O±`¨£¦b¬ì¾Ç¤¤ªº¤@ºØ²z·Q¡A°²³]½Õ¬d¬O©l©ó¦³¯´§Ç©M©l²×¤£Åܪº¡C¦ÓÅܤƫhÁ`¬O§â ¡§³W«hªº¨Ò¥~¡¨ ¡B ¡§·L¤pªº¡¨©ñ¦b¨­Ãä¡CChomsky °²©w¤HÃþ¤ß´¼¤¤¥²¦³¤@ºØ¸ê²£¤¹³\¤H¦b¯Âºé¦Ó¤@­Pªº¸gÅ礤Àò¨ú»y¨¥¡C¥u¦³«Ø¥ß³W«h©M­ì²z¤~¯àºÞ²z¤@­Ó²z·QªºªÀ¸s¡C³oºØ²z·Qªº¸gÅç¼Ò«¬¬OChomsky½Õ¬d¥»°ê»y¥ÎªÌ¹ï©ó«á¤Ñ»yµü©Î¥y¤l¬O§_±µ¨ü¡A²Ê²¤¦a»¡¡A´N¬O¬O§_ ¡§Å¥°_¨Ó¹ï¡¨ ¡C

¥H¤Uªº¥y¤l¬O¤@­Ó´ú¸Õ¡A¦Ó¥´ (*)«hªí¥Ü¬O ¡§¤£¯à±µ¨ü¡¨ªº»¡ªk¡G

(1) I asked [what time it is]

(2) I wondered [what time it is]

(3) I(don't)care [what time it is]

(1)¡¦ It was asked what time it is

(2)¡¦ *it was wondered what time it is

(3)¡¦ *it was cared what time it is

Âk¯Ç°_¨Ó¡Aµ²¦X¥i¥H´y­z³o¼Ëªº²{¶Hªº¡§°ò¦ªº¡¨ ©Î ¡§²`¼hªº¡¨ µ²ºcªº°²»¡¡A³Q°²³]¬O¥i¾A¥Î©ó¥þ³¡»y¨¥ªº­ì«h(Chomsky ºÙ¤§¬° ¡§´¶¹Mªº¤åªk¡¨)¡A¦Û1960¦~°_¡A³oºØ¾Ç»¡¥Î¦b§Ö³t«Ø¥ß·sªº³W«h©M´¶¹Mªº¤åªk¬O«Ü¦³¤Oªº¤èªk¡C

Labov(1972b:ch.8) ²M·¡¦a»¡©ú³\¦h°ÝÃD¡A¥]¬A¼Æ¾Úªº¦³­­½d³ò¡A¥u¤@­Ó¤H¦Û¤v¤£Â_¤u§@¡A©ÎªÌ¤Ö¼Æªº¸ê°T¡Aª½Ä±¡AÃö©óµo¨¥ªÌ»¡¸ÜªºÅܤƩM·N¸qªºª½Ä±ªº§xÃø¡A©M²z½×ªº­­¨î¡Aª½Ä±¦a§â¬Û²§ÂI·í§@¬O ¡§¤è¨¥¡¨³B²z¡C

Hymes(1972b)«ü¥X¬É©w¤@ºØ¥~¨Ó»y¨¥ªº·N¸qªº¥i±µ¨ü©Ê¡A¤£¶È¬Oª¾¹D¥¦¤åªkªº¥i±µ¨ü©Ê¡A¦P®É¤]­nª¾¹D¥¦ªÀ·|©M¤å¤Æªº¥i±µ¨ü©Ê¤~¦æ¡C

¥¿¦¡ªº»y¨¥¾Ç®a¨Ã¤£·P¿³½ì¡A¥L­Ì·P¿³½ìªº¤£¬O¤@ºØªÀ·|¬Fªvªº²£ª«¡A¦Ó¬O¤@ºØ³B²zÃö©ó¤HÃþ´¼¤Oªº°²»¡ªº©â¶H²z©À¡C

 

§@ªÌ´£¥X½èºÃ¡G

»y¨¥¯Âºé¥D¸q¬O¤@ºØ±Mª`¥H²z·Q¤Æªº°T®§¶Ç»¼ªÌ¬°°ò¦¡AChomsky´N«Ü¸Ô²Ó¦a»¡¡G¤H­Ì¨Ï¥Î¨âºØ»y¨¥²V¦Xªº¨¥»¡ªÀ¸s¡A¨Ò¦p¨Ï¥Îªk»y©M«X»y¡A´N¤£°÷ ¡§¯Âºé¡¨¦Ó¥i¥H¦¨¬°»y¨¥²z½×¬ã¨sªº¹ï¶H¡CChomsky¡A¦b40¦~ªº¬ã¨sùئ³³\³Ðµo©M§@«~¡A¦ý¥L·¥¤Ö´£¨ì¦p¦ó±N ¡§¯Âºé¡¨ªºªÀ¸sªº²z·Q¤Æ¦¨­ûªº©â¶Hª¾ÃÑ©M ¥Í¬¡¦b¯u¹êªÀ¸sªº¤H­Ìªº¨ãÅ骺»y¨¥ªí²{¬ÛÃö³s¡C¦p¦¹ªº»{ª¾±N­­¨î¬ã¨s¤HÃþªº¤£¦P­pµe¡A¥]¬A»y¨¥¡C§Ú­Ì±N°²³]ÅܤƬO·Ç«h¶}©l¡A§Ú­Ì±N´M§äÃÒ©úªº¤èªk¥H¤F¸Ñ»y¨¥¬O§@¬°¤HÃþ±ø¥óªº¤@³¡¤À¡C

¤@­Ó²z·Qªºµ²ºc¡A»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç®a¤w¸gµø¿ï¾ÜªÀ·|ªº©ÎºØ±Ú¨­¤Àªºµ²ºc¬°¨äµ¦²¤¡C¨Ì¾a¥L­Ì¹ï©x¤èªº¡B¼Ð·Çªº¡B¦h¼Æ»y¨¥©ÎªÌºØÃþªº©è§Ü¡Aµo¨¥ªÌ«O«ù¸g±`¥­¦æªº¨­¤À¡C

 

3.5.2  Multilingual speech communities (¨Ï¥Î¦h»yªº¨¥»¡ªÀ¸s)

Paul Kroskrity(1993)©Ò¬ã¨sªºArizona Tewa(¬ü°ê·s¾¥¦è­ô¦{©M¨È§Q®á¨º¦{¯S¥Ë±Ú¦L²Ä¦w¤H)±Ú¸s¡A¦b»P¥L­Ì¾Fªñ¦Ó¨S¦³Tewa»y®Ú·½ªºHopi±Ú¡A300¦~ªº±µÄ²¤Î³q±B¡A¦³¤@¨Ç»y¨¥²Å¸¹¤w¦b¥L­Ì¦~»´¦¨­û¤¤³à¥¢¡C¾¨ºÞ¦³®É¥L­Ì¦Û¥H¬°¬OHopi±Ú(¯S§O¬O­±¹ï¥~­±¥@¬É)¡A¦ý¥L­Ì¤´«O¯d¹ï¦Û¤vªº»{¦P¡Xª¾¹D¥L­Ì¤£¥i¯à¬OHopi±Ú¡A¦Ó¬O¿W¤@µL¤Gªº¦Û¤v¡CÁöµM¤j³¡¤ÀªºArizona Tewa±Úªº¦¨­û¡A¯à够¦Ü¤Ö©ú¥Õ¤TºØ»y¨¥(Tewa, Hopi, English)¡A¦ýArizona Tewa»y¤´¦û¦³¯S§Oªº¦a¦ì¡A³oÅã²{¦b¥L­Ì¥ø¹Ï«OÅ@¥¦ªº¤è¦¡¡CTewa»y§@¬°±Ú¸s»{¦Pªº¶H¼x¡A¤]¨Ï±o¥¦¯S§O®e©ö¨ü¶Ë¡A¦]¬°¥¦¬JµLªk¸ò¥~¤H·¾³q¤]µLªk¨Ï¥~¤H¤F¸Ñ¡C

Kathryn Woolard(1989)¬ã¨sBarcelona¤Ú¶ë¶©¯ÇªºCatalan(¦è¯Z¤ú¹Å®õù¥§¨È¤H)¡A®Ú¾Ú¨ä¬ã¨s¡A§Ú­Ì¥i¥H±oª¾¤@­Ó¤Ö¼Æ¥Á±Ú¦p¦ó«O¦s¨ä»y¨¥§@¬°¥Á±Ú»{¦Pªº¶H¼x¡C®Ú¾ÚWoolardªº»¡ªk¡ACatalonia(¹Å®õù¥§¨È»y)°fÂà¤@¯ëÅv¤OÃö«Yªº ¡§¦h¼Æ¡¨©M ¡§¤Ö¼Æ¡¨ªº»y¨¥¡A¬O¦]¬°©Ò¿× ¡§¤Ö¼Æ(¥Á±Ú)»y¨¥¡¨¡A Catalan¨ä¹ê¨Ã¤£¬O ¡§§CÁn±æ¡¨ªº»y¨¥¡A¤Ï¦Ó¬O¦b¸gÀÙ¤W¦ûÀu¶Õªº¤¤²£¶¥¯Åªº»y¨¥¡C

¥t¤@ºØÂù»yªÀ¸sªº¬ã¨s¡A¦³Jane and Kenneth Hill(1986)°Q½×Mexicano(¾¥¦è­ô»y)ªº©R¹B¡A¾¥¦è­ô¬°¤H¶gª¾ªº¦³Aztec(ªüªÛ¯S§J¤H) ©Î Nahuatl¡A¥L­Ì¬OAztecs, Tlaxcalans, ©M¨ä¥¦³\¦h¤¤¬ü¬w¨ä¥¦¥Á±Úªº«á¸Ç¡A´X¦Ê¦~ªºÅܾE¡A¨Ï¥L­Ì­É¥Î¤F³\¦h¦è¯Z¤ú»yªº¤åªk©M»y·Jªº¦r§À¯S¼x¡B¸É¥R¦r¡B°Êµüªº±ø¥óµ¥¡C¦è¯Z¤ú»y©M¾¥¦è­ô»y¤w¥æ´¦¨¤@ºØ·sªº¡A¦pHill and Hill©Ò»¡ªº¡A¹çÄ@Á¿ ¡§¿Ä¦Xªº»y¨¥¡¨¦Ó¤ñ¸û¤£Á¿ ¡§²V¦Xªº»y¨¥¡¨¡C

¥L­ÌÄ~Äò´£¥X«Ü¦h¹ï§Ü ¡§¯Âºé¥D¸q¡¨ªº½×¤å¡A¨Ã©Ó»{¨¥»¡ªÀ¸sªº§ïÅÜ¡A©M¦ÛµMªº²VºØ¡C¨Ã¥B«OÅ@¥]§t­ì¦í¥Á»y¨¥¦b¤ºªº¤å¤Æ¿ò²£¡CHill and Hill »{¬°­n´L­«»y¨¥ªº®t²§©Ê¨Ã¥B­n¹K¨î¤å¤Æ«Ò°ê¥D¸q¡A«OÅ@¾ú¥v--¦ÛµMªº»y¨¥¡A±N¨äµø¬°ÄÝ©ó¤HÃþ¥þÅ骺Ä_ª«¡C

 

3.5.3  ¨¥»¡ªÀ¸sªº©w¸q

Ãö©ó¤£¦Pªº¦ÛµM»y¨¥©Î¨¥»¡ªÀ¸sªº·§©À¡A¨S¦³¤°»ò·sªº¡ALeonard Bloomfield »¡¡G¡§§xÃø©M¤£¥i¯à¥h©w¸q¡K¥¿¬O¤HÄÝ©ó¬Û¦Pªº ¡§¨¥»¡ªÀ¸s¡¨¡A³o¤£¬O·N¥~¡A¦Ó¬O¦ÛµMªº¨¥»¡ªÀ¸s¡K¨S¦³¨â­Ó¤H--©Î¬Æ¦Ü¡A¥i¯à¨S¦³¤@­Ó¤H¦b¤£¦Pªº®É­Ô--Á¿§¹¥þ¬Û¦Pªº¸Ü¡¨

¦bLabov(1966,1972,1972c)ªº»y¨¥Åܲ§ªº­«­n¬ã¨s¡A¨¥»¡ªÀ¸s­º¦¸³Q©w¸q¬° ¡§¤À¨É¬Û¦P·Ç«hªºªº¤@¸s¡¨¡A³o·Ç«h¬O¨Ï¥Î»y¨¥¥H¤Î¸ÑÄÀ»y¨¥¦æ¬°¡C

¯Ã¬ù¬O¤@­Ó³æ¿Wªº¨¥»¡ªÀ¸s¡A°¸µM¦a­É¥Î¤F³\¦h¤è¨¥¤¤¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¤@­Ó¥Í¬¡¦b¤@°_ªº»¡¸ÜªÌªº¶°¦X¡A³o¦³³\¦hÃÒ¾Ú¥i¥HÃÒ©ú¡C¡K.¥»¤g¯Ã¬ù¤Hªº¥DÆ[ªºµû»ùÅã¥Ü¤@­Ó­È±oª`·Nªº¸sÅé¡A¦b»P¨ä¥¦¤j½d³ò¦a°Ïªº»¡¸ÜªÌªº¤ÏÀ³¨Ó¦y¾U¦a¹ï·Óªº¸Ü¡C

 

3.6µ²½×

¥»³¹¤¤¡A§ÚÀËÅç¤F³\¦h³ò¶¦b¡§»y¨¥¡¨©M¡§»y¨¥®t²§¡¨ªº¨£¸Ñªº°ò¥»¾Ç»¡¡C§Ú¤]½èºÃ»y¨¥®t²§ªº¨£¸Ñ»P¦­´Á»y¨¥Ãö«Y©Mªñ´Á»y¨¥±µÄ²©M»y¨¥²V¦Xªº°Q½×¸j¦b¤@°_¡C»y¨¥¬ã¨s±q»y¨¥¿ï¾Ü¤Þ°_»y¨¥ªº®t²§©ÊªºÆ[ÂI¡A³oÆ[ÂI´Ó°ò©ó»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾ÇªÌ»{¬°»y¨¥ªºÅܤƬO·Ç«h¦Ó«D¨Ò¥~¡C¦b°µ¦¹°²³]®É¡A»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾ÇªÌ¤À¨ÉªÀ·|»y¨¥¾ÇªÌ¬°ªÀ·|¾Çªº»{ª¾»y¨¥¾Çªº¦¨ªG¡C¦P®É¡A¦]¬°¾ú¥v¾Çªº°ò¦¡A»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾ÇªÌ§ó¦hª½±µ¯A¤J»y¨¥«ä·QÅé¨tªº¬ã¨s¡C¡K.¬ã¨s¤å¤Æªº»y¨¥¾Ç·N§Y¤å¤Æ¤ÀÃþªº¤è¦¡¤Ï¬M¦b»y¨¥¤W¡A©ÎªÌ»¡»y¨¥¤ÀÃþªº¤è¦¡«ü¤ÞµÛ¥@¬ÉÆ[ÂI¡C

 

 

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[1]¤@»¡¬° ¡§¬ü°êÃÀ³N©M¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨s°|¡¨

 

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ªkÄõ¯÷¡PÀj¨È¤h¡]Franz Boas¡^ ¡]1858¦~7¤ë9¤é¡X¡X1942¦~11¤ë22¤é¡^¬O²{¥N¤HÃþ¾Ç®aªº¶}³ÐªÌ¤§¤@¡A¨Ã¨É¦³¡u¬ü°ê¤HÃþ¾Ç¤§¤÷¡v¤§¬ü¦W¡C¦p¦P³\¦h¥ýÅX¡A¥L©Ò¾Ç©ó¨ä¥L¾Ç¬ì¡G¦Ûª«²z¾Ç¤¤¥LÀò±o²z©À¡A¨Ã©ó¦a²z¾Ç±q¨Æ®³¨ì³Õ¤h«eªº¾Ç³N¤u§@¡C

ªkµM¯÷¡PÀj¨È¤h¥Í©ó¦èµo§Q¨Èªº³Áµn¡CÁöµM¥Lªº¯ª¤÷¥À¬°¤£§é¤£¦©ªºµS¤Ó¤H¡A¨äÂù¿Ë«o¦P¤j¦h¼Æ¼wÄyµS¤Ó¤H¡A¤´Ãh¦³±Ò»X®É¥Nªº»ù­ÈÆ[¡A¨ä¤¤¤]¥]§t¥L­Ì³Q²{¥N¼w°êªÀ·|©Ò¦P¤Æ¡CÀj¨È¤h¹ï¨äµS¤Ó­I´º¤Q¤À±Ó·P¡A¥B·|¥X¨¥§Ü¸×¤Ï°{±Ú½×ªÌ¡A¨Ã©Úµ´§ï«H°ò·þ±Ð¡A¥i¥L±q¤£µø¤v¨­¬°µS¤Ó¤H¡C¦b¥÷¦Û¶Ç²·d¤¤¡AÀj¨È¤h¼g¨ì¡G

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[3]·m±Ï¤HÃþ¾Ç(salvage anthropology)ªº¥ß³õ¡G¦b¬Ã¶Qªº¤å¤Æ¥Ã»·®ø¥¢¤§«e»°§Ö¬ö¿ý¥¦­Ì¡C

 

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ª¾ÃѪºÆ[ÂI) ©M¹D¼w¼Ð·Ç (¥L¼J¯º¨Ï¥Î ¡§³¥ÆZ¤H¡¨ ¨Ó½Í½×¹³¬ü°ê¦L¦a¦w³¡¸¨ªº»¡ªk¡A¥B¥L»{¬°«Ü¦h¤è­±¥L­Ì¤ñ¡§¤å©ú¡¨ ªº¼Ú¬w¤H§ó®ï¶Ô¦n«È)¡C