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CH.1 --A. Duranti,
Linguistic Anthropology, 1999
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1.1©w¸q
¤@¡B
§@ªÌ¿ï¾Ü¡u»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç¡v¤§¦]
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¤G¡B
¥»®Ñ¥Dnªí²{ªº·N¸q
»y¨¥§@¬°¤å¤Æ¸ê·½¥H¤Î¨¥½Í§@¬°¤å¤Æ¹ê½îªº¬ã¨s
(as the study of language
as a cultural resource and speaking as a cultural practice)
¤T¡B»y¨¥§@¬°¤å¤Æ¹ê½îªº¶°¦X(a set of
cultural practices)(p.3)
¤@®M¤¹³\ªÀ·|¯´§Ç¤¤ÓÅ餧¶¡(between
individuals)»PÓ¤H¦Û¨(within individual)ªº¦A²{¤§·¾³q¨t²Î
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1.»y¨¥¨Ï¥Î(language use)
2.§@¬°¤@®M¶H¼x©Ê¸ê·½ªº»y¨¥(language as a set of symbolic resources)
¤¡B§@¬°¤HÃþ¾Ç¤¤¸û¼sªº¤@³¡¤À¡A¦]¬°
1. ¤@ºØ¤HÃþ¾Ç¤¤ªº»y¨¥¹ê½î
2.³z¹L¤HÃþ¾ÇªºÃöÃh¨ÓÀ˵ø»y¨¥
¡õ
a. transmission and reproduction of culture
b. the relationship between cultural system and different forms of
social organizations
c. the role of the material condition of existence in a people¡¦s
understanding of the world
3.¤å¤Æ¤HÃþ¾Ç®aµø»y¨¥§@¬°¤@®M¤ÀÃþ©M¦A²{ªº¨t²Î¡A¦Ó¥Á±Ú¾Ç¤¤¨Ï¥Î»y¨¥¼Ò¦¡®É¡A»y¨¥¼Ò¦¡¿W¥ß¦a³Q¨Ï¥Î¨Ó§@¬°¤@¨Ç«Ø¥ß·N¸qªº¼ÐÅÒ
4.»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç®a¤@ª½¥H¨Ó±j½Õ¡A»y¨¥§@¬°¤@®M¹ê½îªºÆ[ÂI¡A³o®MÆ[ÂI¦b¤HÃþ¦s¦bªºÆ[©À©M¹ê½è¤è±§êºtµÛ¤@Ó¬Û·í°ò¦ªº¨¤¦â¡C¦]¦¹¡A¤]¦b¦s¦b©ó¥@¬É±a¨Ó¤£¤@¼Ëªº¤èªk¡C(p.5)
1.2»y¨¥¹ê½î¬ã¨s
¤@¡B°²³]¡G±q¸gÅ礤µo²{»y¨¥²Å¸¹§@¬°»P¥@¬É¦A²{¤Î»P¥@¬É³sµ²ªº¸Ü»y±q¤£¯u¹ê¡C³o¨Ç¸Ü»P¤£Â_³Q¥Î¦b¤å¤Æ¿Ëªñ©Ê»P¤À¤Æªº«Øºc¤W¡C
µ²ºc¥D¸qªº¦¨´N¡G³\¦hªº¸àÄÀ¬O¤@Ó¤ñ¸ûªº¹Lµ{¨Ã¥B¦]¦¹²£¥Í³\¦h®t²§¡C³o¨Ç®t²§ÂǥѨ¥»¡ªº¨ãÅé¦æ°Ê¡B¸Ü»y©M¦æ°Êªº²VÂø¥H¤Î¬°¤F¦æ°Ê¦Ó¦³ªº¸Ü»yªº´À¥N¡C±qµ²ºc¥D¸q¨º¸Ì§Ú̾Ǩì§âµJÂI©ñ¦b¨S¦³³Q»¡¥X·N¸q¤W¡B¥i¿ï¾Üªº°Ýµª©M¤£³ßÅw«o¦³¥i¯à²£¥Í·N¸qªºÀRÀq¤W¡C¹ï·Ó¤U¡A¥h·Q¤°»ò¬O³Q»¡ªº¡A§ÚÌ´N³]¥ß¤F¤@Ó³QI´º¥hµû»ù»¡¥X¨Óªº¨Æª«¡A¦ý¬On¬ã¨sªº¦h¼s¦h²`¡H¦h¤Ö¤ÀªR¼h¦¸¤~¬O¦³®Äªº¡H³oµLÃö¤j¶qªºµo¨¥¡B¸Ü»y©M³Q¬ã¨sªº»y¨¥¡C¦Ó¬O¦³Ãö¥Á±Ú¾Çªº¥\¯à¡A³o¬O¥Á±Ú¾ÇªºÀuÂI©M¨î¡C¤]¬O¦³Ãö§Ú̵ø¬°®³¥h°µ¤°»ò¬O»y¨¥¡B»y¨¥°µ¤F¤°»ò¤§¹ï·Óªº²{¶HÃþ§O½d³ò(range)¡C³oÓ½d³ò¬O¬°¼e¼sªº¦ý¬O¨Æ¹ê«o¬O³Q¤HÃþªº¦æ°Ê©M²z¸Ñ©Ò¨î¡C§Ú̵Lªk°¨¤W¦Ò¼{³oÓ¥@¬É¡A¦Ó¥B¦³«Ü¦h³Q»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç®a°µªº¬ã¨s¬OÃö©ó³Q»¡¥X¨Óªº¸Üªº¤è¦¡¡A³o¨Ç»¡¥X¨Óªº¸Ü¬O¦b¤@Ó¬J©wªº±¡ªp¤U¡A¥ýµ¹¤©°Ñ»P¹ï¸ÜªÌ¡A«á¤Sµ¹¤©¬ã¨sªÌ¤@Ó·Q¹³³oÓ¥@¬É©M¤HÃþ¦s¦bªº¥»½èªºÆ[ÂI©M¤èªk¡C¦p¦P¹L¥h³\¦h°¶¤jõ¾Ç®a©Ò«ü¥Xªº¡A¤HÃþ¥u¬O¦Ò¼{¥L̦ۤv·Qªkªº¥Íª«¡C³o¼Ëªº·Qªk«Ü±µªñ¶H¼xªº¦A²{»P»y¨¥ªº¥\¯à¡C¦ý¬O»y¨¥¤ñ¸û¹³¬O¤@Ó§ÚÌÂÇ¥Hªí²{§Ú̪º·Qªk©M¦æ°Êªº¤u¨ã¡C
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1.¤@Ó¤¬°ÊªºªÅ¶¡¡A³oӪŶ¡¤w¸g³¡¥÷¦a§Î¶ì¤F§ÚÌ¡C
2.¤@Ó¦ü¥G¤@¨Ç®t²§¤ñ¸û¤£¦Pªº¥@¬É(a
world in which some distinctions seem to matter more than others)
3.¤@Ó§ÚÌ©Ò¨M©wªº¨CÓ¿ï¾Ü³¡¤À¨ú¨M©ó¥H«e©Òµo¥Í¹Lªº¨Æ±¡¡A¨Ã¥B«P¦¨±Nnµo¥Íªº©w¸qªº¥@¬É(a
world where every choice we make is partly contingent to what happened before
and contributes to the definition of what will happen next)
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b©M½Ö¥´©Û©I¡H
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1.¤H̦欰ªº¹ê»ÚÆ[¹î
2.¼g§@ªº«n©Ê¡G¸Ü»y©M¶H¼x©Ê¦æ°Ê³£³Q¬ö¿ý¤U¨Ó¨Ã¥B®e©ö¶i¦æ¤ÀªR¡A¨Ã¥BÂǥѤ£
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1.»¡¸ÜªÌ§@¬°ªÀ·|¦æ°ÊªÌ
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3.¨¥»¡ªÀ¸s¦P®É§@¬°¯u¹ê©M·Q¹³ªº
¦@¦PÅé¡A³o¤§¶¡ªº³sµ²¤£Â_ªº³Q«·s§Î¶ì¡A¨Ã
ÂǥѵL¼Æªº¨¥»¡¦æ°Ê©Òij©w¡C
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·N¸qªº³æ¦ì¡A¤]´N¬O·|³sµ²¨ì¸û°ª¼h¦¸ªº³æ¦ì¡C³oºØ¦b»y¨¥§@¬°¤@ºØ¶H¼x»P¨ãÅ骺¨t²Îªºµ²ºc¥D¸q»y¨¥¾Ç¤¤
©Ò§ä¨ìªº²z½×¤À§O¡A¨î¤F²z½×²{¶HÃöÁpªº½d³ò¡C
à¥Øªº¡G±q¾Ç³N±À½×¥Xªº»y¨¥¨t²Î§Î¦¡¯S©Ê»Ýn¤HÃþ¤ß´¼ªº´¶¦P¯S©Ê¡C³o¼ËªºÆ[ÂI¤U¡A»¡¸ÜªÌ¥u³Qµø¬°¤@©â¶H¤HÃþªº¦A²{¡C(speakers only count as representatives of an abstract human species
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¹ï»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç¦Ó¨¥¡A¹ï¶H©M¥Ø¼Ð¬O¡u»y¨¥§@¬°§Ú̥ͬ¡ªº§PÂ_°ò·Ç¡C¡v
¡÷»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç®aµJÂI¡G1.©ñ¦b»y¨¥ªºªí²{(linguistic performance)©M±¡¹Ò½×z(situated discourse)
2.»y¨¥¦p¦ó¦b¹ÎÅé¡BÓ¤H©M¨¤À¤§¶¡¤¹³\¨Ã»s³y®t²§
¤C¡B»y¨¥¬O¤HÃþµo®iªº³Ì¼u©Ê¨Ã¥B³Ì¨ã¦³Åv¤Oªº´¼ÃѤu¨ã¡C
¥\¯à¤§¤@¡G¦³¯à¤O¤ÏÀ³³oÓ¥@¬É¤Î»y¨¥¥»¨(»y¨¥¥i¥H¥Î¨Ó³Q½Í½×»y¨¥)
Michael Silvertein¡G±Ôz¤å¤Æªº¥i¯à©Ê©M¤å¤Æ¤HÃþ¾Çªº©R¹B¾aµÛ»y¨¥ÂX®i¡A¬J¦³ªº»y¨¥¨Ï»¡¸ÜªÌ¥i¥H¥Î¦r»¡¥X¨C¤Ñ¥Í¬¡¤¤ªº°µªº¨Æ±¡¡C
Boas , Malinowski¡G»y¨¥´£¨Ñ¥Á±Ú¾Ç®aÆ[¹î¨ìªº¨Æ¥óªº¸àÄÀ¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¨S¦³»y¨¥´N¨S¦³³Q¬ö¿ýªº¨Æ¥ó¡C
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¤å¤Æ¦s¦b©ó¡G
1.¤@Ó¤HÅ¥¨ì¥Lªº¦¨û©Ò´yzªº¬G¨Æ¤¤
2.¨Ï¹ï½Í¦¨¬°¥i¯àªº¬Û¹JªÌ(encounters
that make the tellings possible)
3.²Õ´ªºÃþ«¬¤¤¡A³o¨Ç²Õ´¥i¥H¤¹³\¤H¶i¤J©Î°h¥X¡B³Ó¥ô©Î¤£³Ó¥ô¡Bµ¹¤©¤H©R¥O©Î¬On¨D¤H°õ¦æ¥ô°È¡B°Ý¥L
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»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç®a´M¨D¤HÃþ²z¸Ñªº¬ÛÃö±¦V¡A¬ÛÃöªº±ø¥ó¤w¸g§âµJÂI©ñ¦b±¹ï±ªº¬Û¹JªÌªº²Ó¸`¤W¡A³oÓ¤w¸g³QªÀ·|²z½×®a¬O¬°¥]§tµÛ¦bªÀ·|¤¬°Ê¬ã¨s©MªÀ·|¤O¶q±±¨îªÀ·|¤¬°Êªº¤Àµõ¤¤¡C
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«Ø¥ß¤èªk¥h³sµ²¸û¤p¼h¦¸ªº²{¶H¡A³o¨Ç²{¶H¬O¥i¥H³Q¤ÀªRªº¡A¥unÂǥѥΥi¨£ªº±Ú¸sÃö«YªºI´º§@¬°¯S©w¾ú¥v¬°¤¤¤¶¿ýµ©Î§Û¼g¡C
°²³]¡u»y¨¥ªº¥æ´«¥]§tµÛÅv¤O¦æ°Êªº¼ç¤O¡v¡A³o·N¨ýµÛ¤ÀªRªÌ¥i¥H©¿²¤Åv¤O¦æ°Ê¹ê»Ú¤W¦p¦ó²£¥Íªº²Ó¸`¡C¦¹®É§Ú̥Φü¥G²æÂ÷¦b¬Fªv´¼¼z(political
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¡õ
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Susan Gal¡G
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3.½×ÂI¡G¦pªG§ÚÌn¥h½Í©Ê§O¡B¨¥»¡(speech)©MÅv¤O¡Aº¥ýn°µªº¬O§ä¥X¸ó¤å¤Æ¸Ì¤°»ò³Qµø§@Åv¤O©M¦³Åv§Qªº¨¥»¡¡C
4.¹ï»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç®a¦Ó¨¥¡AÅv¤Oªº¤À¤Æ·§©À«üªº¬O§ÚÌ¥i¯à§ä¨ì¤À¥¬¦b©Ê§O¡B¶¥¯Å©MºØ±Ú¤¤ªº
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folklore and performance
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