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CH.1 --A. Duranti, Linguistic Anthropology, 1999 Cambridge U P.

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1.1©w¸q

¤@¡B              §@ªÌ¿ï¾Ü¡u»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç¡v¤§¦]

¤HÃþ»y¨¥¾Ç©M¥Á±Ú¾Ç¬Oµ²¦X»y¨¥©M¤å¤Æ¬ã¨sªº¤@³¡¥÷¡A¥u¬O¤HÃþ¾Çªºªº¤@­Ó¦¸»â°ì¡A©Ò¥H§@ªÌ±Ä¥Î¤F»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç¡C

¤G¡B              ¥»®Ñ¥D­nªí²{ªº·N¸q

»y¨¥§@¬°¤å¤Æ¸ê·½¥H¤Î¨¥½Í§@¬°¤å¤Æ¹ê½îªº¬ã¨s

(as the study of language as a cultural resource and speaking as a cultural practice)

 

    ¤T¡B»y¨¥§@¬°¤å¤Æ¹ê½îªº¶°¦X(a set of cultural practices)(p.3)

        ¤@®M¤¹³\ªÀ·|¯´§Ç¤¤­ÓÅ餧¶¡(between individuals)»P­Ó¤H¦Û¨­(within individual)ªº¦A²{¤§·¾³q¨t²Î

 

    ¥|¡B©M¨ä¥L»y¨¥¬ã¨sªº®t§O

         1.»y¨¥¨Ï¥Î(language use)

         2.§@¬°¤@®M¶H¼x©Ê¸ê·½ªº»y¨¥(language as a set of symbolic resources)

 

    ¤­¡B§@¬°¤HÃþ¾Ç¤¤¸û¼sªº¤@³¡¤À¡A¦]¬°

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         2.³z¹L¤HÃþ¾ÇªºÃöÃh¨ÓÀ˵ø»y¨¥

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              a. transmission and reproduction of culture

              b. the relationship between cultural system and different forms of social organizations

              c. the role of the material condition of existence in a people¡¦s understanding of the world

         3.¤å¤Æ¤HÃþ¾Ç®aµø»y¨¥§@¬°¤@®M¤ÀÃþ©M¦A²{ªº¨t²Î¡A¦Ó¥Á±Ú¾Ç¤¤¨Ï¥Î»y¨¥¼Ò¦¡®É¡A»y¨¥¼Ò¦¡¿W¥ß¦a³Q¨Ï¥Î¨Ó§@¬°¤@¨Ç«Ø¥ß·N¸qªº¼ÐÅÒ

         4.»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç®a¤@ª½¥H¨Ó±j½Õ¡A»y¨¥§@¬°¤@®M¹ê½îªºÆ[ÂI¡A³o®MÆ[ÂI¦b¤HÃþ¦s¦bªºÆ[©À©M¹ê½è¤è­±§êºtµÛ¤@­Ó¬Û·í°ò¦ªº¨¤¦â¡C¦]¦¹¡A¤]¦b¦s¦b©ó¥@¬É±a¨Ó¤£¤@¼Ëªº¤èªk¡C(p.5)

  

1.2»y¨¥¹ê½î¬ã¨s

    ¤@¡B°²³]¡G±q¸gÅ礤µo²{»y¨¥²Å¸¹§@¬°»P¥@¬É¦A²{¤Î»P¥@¬É³sµ²ªº¸Ü»y±q¤£¯u¹ê¡C³o¨Ç¸Ü»P¤£Â_³Q¥Î¦b¤å¤Æ¿Ëªñ©Ê»P¤À¤Æªº«Øºc¤W¡C

             

µ²ºc¥D¸qªº¦¨´N¡G³\¦hªº¸àÄÀ¬O¤@­Ó¤ñ¸ûªº¹Lµ{¨Ã¥B¦]¦¹²£¥Í³\¦h®t²§¡C³o¨Ç®t²§ÂǥѨ¥»¡ªº¨ãÅé¦æ°Ê¡B¸Ü»y©M¦æ°Êªº²VÂø¥H¤Î¬°¤F¦æ°Ê¦Ó¦³ªº¸Ü»yªº´À¥N¡C±qµ²ºc¥D¸q¨º¸Ì§Ú­Ì¾Ç¨ì§âµJÂI©ñ¦b¨S¦³³Q»¡¥X·N¸q¤W¡B¥i¿ï¾Üªº°Ýµª©M¤£³ßÅw«o¦³¥i¯à²£¥Í·N¸qªºÀRÀq¤W¡C¹ï·Ó¤U¡A¥h·Q¤°»ò¬O³Q»¡ªº¡A§Ú­Ì´N³]¥ß¤F¤@­Ó³Q­I´º¥hµû»ù»¡¥X¨Óªº¨Æª«¡A¦ý¬O­n¬ã¨sªº¦h¼s¦h²`¡H¦h¤Ö¤ÀªR¼h¦¸¤~¬O¦³®Äªº¡H³oµLÃö¤j¶qªºµo¨¥¡B¸Ü»y©M³Q¬ã¨sªº»y¨¥¡C¦Ó¬O¦³Ãö¥Á±Ú¾Çªº¥\¯à¡A³o¬O¥Á±Ú¾ÇªºÀuÂI©M­­¨î¡C¤]¬O¦³Ãö§Ú­Ìµø¬°®³¥h°µ¤°»ò¬O»y¨¥¡B»y¨¥°µ¤F¤°»ò¤§¹ï·Óªº²{¶HÃþ§O½d³ò(range)¡C³o­Ó½d³ò¬O¬°­­¼e¼sªº¦ý¬O¨Æ¹ê«o¬O³Q¤HÃþªº¦æ°Ê©M²z¸Ñ©Ò­­¨î¡C§Ú­ÌµLªk°¨¤W¦Ò¼{³o­Ó¥@¬É¡A¦Ó¥B¦³«Ü¦h³Q»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç®a°µªº¬ã¨s¬OÃö©ó³Q»¡¥X¨Óªº¸Üªº¤è¦¡¡A³o¨Ç»¡¥X¨Óªº¸Ü¬O¦b¤@­Ó¬J©wªº±¡ªp¤U¡A¥ýµ¹¤©°Ñ»P¹ï¸ÜªÌ¡A«á¤Sµ¹¤©¬ã¨sªÌ¤@­Ó·Q¹³³o­Ó¥@¬É©M¤HÃþ¦s¦bªº¥»½èªºÆ[ÂI©M¤èªk¡C¦p¦P¹L¥h³\¦h°¶¤j­õ¾Ç®a©Ò«ü¥Xªº¡A¤HÃþ¥u¬O¦Ò¼{¥L­Ì¦Û¤v·Qªkªº¥Íª«¡C³o¼Ëªº·Qªk«Ü±µªñ¶H¼xªº¦A²{»P»y¨¥ªº¥\¯à¡C¦ý¬O»y¨¥¤ñ¸û¹³¬O¤@­Ó§Ú­ÌÂÇ¥Hªí²{§Ú­Ìªº·Qªk©M¦æ°Êªº¤u¨ã¡C

 

¤G¡BÂÇ»y¨¥¨Ï¥Î§Ú­Ì¥i¥H¶i¤J¡G

1.¤@­Ó¤¬°ÊªºªÅ¶¡¡A³o­ÓªÅ¶¡¤w¸g³¡¥÷¦a§Î¶ì¤F§Ú­Ì¡C

2.¤@­Ó¦ü¥G¤@¨Ç®t²§¤ñ¸û¤£¦Pªº¥@¬É(a world in which some distinctions seem to matter more than others)

3.¤@­Ó§Ú­Ì©Ò¨M©wªº¨C­Ó¿ï¾Ü³¡¤À¨ú¨M©ó¥H«e©Òµo¥Í¹Lªº¨Æ±¡¡A¨Ã¥B«P¦¨±N­nµo¥Íªº©w¸qªº¥@¬É(a world where every choice we make is partly contingent to what happened before and contributes to the definition of what will happen next)

 

¨Ò¦p¡G¥´©Û©I(°Ý¥y)      

      ¤H­Ì¦p¦óª¾¹D:a¤°»ò®É­Ô¥´©Û©I¡H

                   b©M½Ö¥´©Û©I¡H

      ¦b»y¨¥ªº®t²§¤¤¡B»y¨¥ªºªÀ¸s¸Ì¥H¤Î¦b¬Û¦PªºªÀ¸s¸Ì¤£¦Pªº¬Û¹J¤¤¡A¥´©Û©Iªº²§¦PÅã²{¥XÃö©ó»¡¸ÜªÌ©Î¹ï»¡¸ÜªÌ¤°»ò¡H

 

 

¤T¡B»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç¯S®íªº¤èªk(methods)¡G

1.¤H­Ì¦æ¬°ªº¹ê»ÚÆ[¹î

2.¼g§@ªº­«­n©Ê¡G¸Ü»y©M¶H¼x©Ê¦æ°Ê³£³Q¬ö¿ý¤U¨Ó¨Ã¥B®e©ö¶i¦æ¤ÀªR¡A¨Ã¥BÂǥѤ£

¤@¼Ëªº§Û¼g¤âªk©M·sªº§Þ³N¨Ó¶i¦æ°Q½×¡C

 

 

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1.»¡¸ÜªÌ§@¬°ªÀ·|¦æ°ÊªÌ

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3.¨¥»¡ªÀ¸s¦P®É§@¬°¯u¹ê©M·Q¹³ªº ¦@¦PÅé¡A³o¤§¶¡ªº³sµ²¤£Â_ªº³Q­«·s§Î¶ì¡A¨Ã

ÂǥѵL¼Æªº¨¥»¡¦æ°Ê©Òij©w¡C

 

¤­¡B»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾ÇÁö¬O«Øºc¦bµ²ºc¥D¸q»y¨¥¾Çªº¬ã¨s¤W¡A¦ý¬O¥¦§Î¶ì¤F·sªº¹ï¶H

    ·sªº¹ï¶H1.¥]§tµÛ¡u»y¨¥¥»¯à¡v¡G³o¬O³Q¥[±j»y¨¥¯à¤Oªº¥Íª«©Ê¥\¯àªº¤åªk¾Ç®a©Ò°Q½×ªº¡C2.Åã¥Ü¥X¤£¤@¼ËªºÃöª`©M¤£¦Pªº¬ã¨s»â°ì¡C

   

¤»¡B¤åªk¾Ç®a±N»y¨¥¬O§@¤@­Ó©â¶Hªº³W«h¨t²Î¡A³o­Ó³W«h¨t²Î¬O¬°¤F³sµ²¦³®t²§¡A¦ý¬O±N¨S¦³·N¸qªº³s¨ì¸û¦³·N

·N¸qªº³æ¦ì¡A¤]´N¬O·|³sµ²¨ì¸û°ª¼h¦¸ªº³æ¦ì¡C³oºØ¦b»y¨¥§@¬°¤@ºØ¶H¼x»P¨ãÅ骺¨t²Îªºµ²ºc¥D¸q»y¨¥¾Ç¤¤

©Ò§ä¨ìªº²z½×¤À§O¡A­­¨î¤F²z½×²{¶HÃöÁpªº½d³ò¡C

    à¥Øªº¡G±q¾Ç³N±À½×¥Xªº»y¨¥¨t²Î§Î¦¡¯S©Ê»Ý­n¤HÃþ¤ß´¼ªº´¶¦P¯S©Ê¡C³o¼ËªºÆ[ÂI¤U¡A»¡¸ÜªÌ¥u³Qµø¬°¤@©â¶H¤HÃþªº¦A²{¡C(speakers only count as representatives of an abstract human species )

 

¹ï»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç¦Ó¨¥¡A¹ï¶H©M¥Ø¼Ð¬O¡u»y¨¥§@¬°§Ú­Ì¥Í¬¡ªº§PÂ_°ò·Ç¡C¡v

¡÷»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç®aµJÂI¡G1.©ñ¦b»y¨¥ªºªí²{(linguistic performance)©M±¡¹Ò½×­z(situated discourse)

                            2.»y¨¥¦p¦ó¦b¹ÎÅé¡B­Ó¤H©M¨­¤À¤§¶¡¤¹³\¨Ã»s³y®t²§

 

           ¤C¡B»y¨¥¬O¤HÃþµo®iªº³Ì¼u©Ê¨Ã¥B³Ì¨ã¦³Åv¤Oªº´¼ÃѤu¨ã¡C

        ¥\¯à¤§¤@¡G¦³¯à¤O¤ÏÀ³³o­Ó¥@¬É¤Î»y¨¥¥»¨­(»y¨¥¥i¥H¥Î¨Ó³Q½Í½×»y¨¥)

      

Michael Silvertein¡G±Ô­z¤å¤Æªº¥i¯à©Ê©M¤å¤Æ¤HÃþ¾Çªº©R¹B¾aµÛ»y¨¥ÂX®i¡A¬J¦³ªº»y¨¥¨Ï»¡¸ÜªÌ¥i¥H¥Î¦r»¡¥X¨C¤Ñ¥Í¬¡¤¤ªº°µªº¨Æ±¡¡C

       

Boas , Malinowski¡G»y¨¥´£¨Ñ¥Á±Ú¾Ç®aÆ[¹î¨ìªº¨Æ¥óªº¸àÄÀ¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¨S¦³»y¨¥´N¨S¦³³Q¬ö¿ýªº¨Æ¥ó¡C

       

¸àÄÀ¤HÃþ¾Ç®a´£¥X¡G¤å¤Æ§@¬°¤@­Ó¤å¥»¡C¨ä¤¤¤j³¡¤À¤å¥»¬O¥Á±Ú¾Ç®a±a¦^¥hªºµ§°O¡B¬G¨Æ¡B¦W¦r©Mª«ªº²M³æ¡B¤@¨Ç¹Ïµe©M¤@¨Ç¤£¼ô½mªº¹Á¸Õ©Ê½Ķ¡C

 

        ¤å¤Æ¦s¦b©ó¡G

        1.¤@­Ó¤HÅ¥¨ì¥Lªº¦¨­û©Ò´y­zªº¬G¨Æ¤¤

        2.¨Ï¹ï½Í¦¨¬°¥i¯àªº¬Û¹JªÌ(encounters that make the tellings possible)

        3.²Õ´ªºÃþ«¬¤¤¡A³o¨Ç²Õ´¥i¥H¤¹³\¤H¶i¤J©Î°h¥X¡B³Ó¥ô©Î¤£³Ó¥ô¡Bµ¹¤©¤H©R¥O©Î¬O­n¨D¤H°õ¦æ¥ô°È¡B°Ý¥L

­Ì°ÝÃD©Î¬O¦^¥L­Ì¡C

 

         »y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç®a´M¨D¤HÃþ²z¸Ñªº¬ÛÃö­±¦V¡A¬ÛÃöªº±ø¥ó¤w¸g§âµJÂI©ñ¦b­±¹ï­±ªº¬Û¹JªÌªº²Ó¸`¤W¡A³o­Ó¤w¸g³QªÀ·|²z½×®a¬O¬°¥]§tµÛ¦bªÀ·|¤¬°Ê¬ã¨s©MªÀ·|¤O¶q±±¨îªÀ·|¤¬°Êªº¤Àµõ¤¤¡C

 

¥¬­}¤Ì¡G¹ï¸Ü¤ÀªR¾ÇªÌ©M»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾ÇªÌ©Ò°µªº¤ÀªR±¼ªñ¥L©Ò¿×ªº¡u¾÷·|½×ªÌªº¿ù»~¡v¡A¤]´N¬O¬Û«H¨C­Ó¬Û¹Jªº­ÓÅé¬O³Q¨ä¦ì¸m©Ò¨M©wªº¡C¥¬­}¤Ì»{¬°¥ô¦ó¤@­Ó¬Û¹Jªº¥@¬É¬O³Q§ó¼sªººØ±Ú¡B©Ê§O¡B©M¶¥¯ÅÃö«Y©Ò¨M©wªº¡C

 

           ¤K¡B¾Ç³Nªº¹ê»Ú¤u§@¡G 

       

«Ø¥ß¤èªk¥h³sµ²¸û¤p¼h¦¸ªº²{¶H¡A³o¨Ç²{¶H¬O¥i¥H³Q¤ÀªRªº¡A¥u­nÂǥѥΥi¨£ªº±Ú¸sÃö«Yªº­I´º§@¬°¯S©w¾ú¥v¬°¤¤¤¶¿ý­µ©Î§Û¼g¡C

 

        °²³]¡u»y¨¥ªº¥æ´«¥]§tµÛÅv¤O¦æ°Êªº¼ç¤O¡v¡A³o·N¨ýµÛ¤ÀªRªÌ¥i¥H©¿²¤Åv¤O¦æ°Ê¹ê»Ú¤W¦p¦ó²£¥Íªº²Ó¸`¡C¦¹®É§Ú­Ì¥Î¦ü¥G²æÂ÷¦b¬Fªv´¼¼z(political wisdom)°ò¦¤Wªº´y­zªº²{¶H³Qªí²{¥X¨Ó¡C                        

¡õ

                          ¥]§tÃöª`¦b§Ú­Ì§@¬°¤ÀªRªÌ©Ò°µªº¨Æ

 

Susan Gal¡G

      1.©Úµ´¡G¤@­Ó¤k©ÊÁn­µªº¥»½è¥D¸q²z·Q¤Æ¡A¥H¤Î¥¦Àq¥Üªº¤k©Ê¤£¦P¤å¤ÆªºÆ[©À¡C

      2.°²³]¡G¦³§óÀǬN¡B®É±`¥Ù¬Þªº»y¨¥¹ê½î¡A¦b¤£¦P¶¥¯Å©M±Ú¸s¤¤²£¥Í®t²§¡A¤À¥¬¦b®e¯Ç¨ì¹ï¥ß¡B¯}Ãa¡B©Úµ´¡B§ï³y©ÎªÌ²Îªv¤å¤Æ©w¸qªº¦A³y¡C

      3.½×ÂI¡G¦pªG§Ú­Ì­n¥h½Í©Ê§O¡B¨¥»¡(speech)©MÅv¤O¡A­º¥ý­n°µªº¬O§ä¥X¸ó¤å¤Æ¸Ì¤°»ò³Qµø§@Åv¤O©M¦³Åv§Qªº¨¥»¡¡C

      4.¹ï»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç®a¦Ó¨¥¡AÅv¤Oªº¤À¤Æ·§©À«üªº¬O§Ú­Ì¥i¯à§ä¨ì¤À¥¬¦b©Ê§O¡B¶¥¯Å©MºØ±Ú¤¤ªº

»y¨¥¹ê½î¡C¦ý¬O³oºØ¤À¥¬¤£¯à°¨¤W³Q¨M©w©ÎªÌ±Æ°£¦b¤ä°t©ÎÅQÅvªº»y¨¥¿W¥ßªº°²³]°ò¦

¤§¤W¡C

 

           ¤E¡B»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç®a±q¤@­Ó°²³]¶}©l¡A³o­Ó°²³]¬O¡G

        »y¨¥ªº­±¦V¥u¯à³Q¥H¤U¨âÂI©Ò¬ö¿ý¡G1.¤H­Ì¹ê»Ú¾Þ§@»y¨¥

                                        2.¥Î¦r¡B¥y¤l¡B«ººAªº²Å¸¹¥Í²£ªº¯ßµ¸±N¦r¡B¥y¤l¡B«ººA(gesture)³sµ²°_¨Ó

        µ²ªG¥i¥Hµo²{¡G¨¥»y(speaking)¬OªÀ·|¦æ°Ê¤]¬O­­¨îªÀ·|ªº¦æ°Ê

 

1.3»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç©M¤H¤åªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç¤¤ªº³W½d(disciplines)

 

    ¤@¡Bµo®i¦¨¬°¥]§t¥H¤U¤»­Ó»â°ìªº¾Çªù

        folklore and performance

        literacy and education

        cognitive and sociology

        interactive and sociology

        social cognition

        child language acquisition

 

    ¤G¡B¥Á±Ú¾Ç¤èªk´£¨Ñµ¹»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾ÇªÌ¦b¨Ï¥Î¶Ç²Î¥Á±Ú¾Ç¤èªk¬ã¨s¤é±`¥Í¬¡¹ï¸Ü­«­n¨Ã¥B³Ð·s

ªº·Qªk¡C¥Ñ²{¶H¾Ç©Ò¿Eµoªº¤èªk¨º¸Ì¡A»y¨¥¤HÃþ¾Ç®a¥i¥H¾Ç¨ì©Î¬Ý¨ì¦b·¾³q¤¤ªº¤å¤Æ²Õ

¦¨©MªÀ·|ªº´`Àô¾÷¨î¡C

 

­º¥ý¡A¥L­Ì¥i¥H»´©öªº³sµ²¨ì¥Á±Ú¾Çªº³W½d¡A³o­Ó³W½d¬OªÀ·|µ²ºc¤£¬O¿W¥ßªºÅܶµ¡A¥L

¬O¦s¦b©óªÀ·|¹ê½î¥~³¡ªº¡A¤£ºÞ¬O¹³¦b¶¥¯Å©M¨¤¦â³o¼ËªºªÀ·|§Î¦¡¸Ì¡A©Î¬O¦bÃö©ó«Ø¥ß

¤@­Ó¤H©Ê§Oªº°²³]¤¤¦s¡C

ªÀ·|µ²ºc¬O¦bªÀ·|¤¬°Ê¤¤²£¥Íªº¡A¦b¨ä¤¤ªÀ·|¦æ°ÊªÌÂǥѤF¸Ñ©M·¾³q¥L­Ì¬O¤°»ò©M¥L­Ì

Ãö¤ß¤°»òªº­ì©lªº¤èªk²£¥Í¥X¤å¤Æ¡C

 

¦AªÌ¡A¦pªGª¾ÃѬOÀq¥Üªº¡A¥¦·|¸òÀHµÛ¦b¤£¯à¥h°Ý¤H­Ì¦b·Q¤°»ò¤¤¶¡¡C(³o³q±`µ¹§Ú­Ì§ó

¦hªº¤ÀªR¸ê®Æ¡A¦pªG§Ú­ÌÄ~Äò¥Î³X½Íªk¡A§Ú­Ì±N·|·¥¤jªº°h¨B¡C)©Ò¥H§Ú­Ì¥²¶·¥h¬Ý¤H­Ì

¦p¦ó¶i¦æ¥L­Ìªº¤é±`¤¬°Ê¥H¤Î¸Ñ¨M¥L­Ì¨C¤Ñ©M§O¤H»E·|¡B¥æªB¤Í©Îºû«ù¤Í½Ë¡B§ä¸ô¡Bµ¹

¤©©R¥O¡B¶ñªí®æ¡B§ä¤u§@¡B¶R¨®²¼µ¥ªº°ÝÃD¡C

 

³o¨Ç¬¡°Ê¤¤¨C­Ó¤H³£¥²¶·­nÅý¤H¤F¸Ñ¥L­Ì¦Û¤vª¾¹D²{¦b¥¿¦b°µ¤°»ò¡A³o¨Ç¤¬¬ÛªºÆ[¹îÂÇ

¥Ñ»y¨¥ªº¤¬°Ê¥i¥H¹F¦¨¡A¤]¥i¥HÂǥѰO¸¹»y¨¥(¦p«ººA¡B«º¶Õ¡B¤£¦PªººØÃþªº¥[¤u«~©Î¬O

¤å¥ó) ¨Ó¹F¦¨¡C»y¨¥©ó¬O¦¨¬°ªÀ·|¥Á±Ú¾Ç¤¤­«­nªº»â°ì¡C

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¥Î³o¸ê·½¦A¥Í²£ªÀ·|ªº®É­Ô¡AªÀ·|´£¨Ñ¸ê·½µ¹¥¦ªº¦¨­û²Õ´ªÀ·|¥Í¬¡¡C

 

3.³Å¬ì¡Gª¾Ãѧ@¬°Åv¤Oªº¾ú¥v¬ã¨s

  a.¬°¤F¸Ñª¾ÃѤ£¬O¦ÛµMªº¡A¦Ó¥BÁ`¬O¥HÅv¤Oªº§Î¦¡ªí²{¡C³Å¬ì´£¥X¡A´NªÅ¶¡·§©À¦p

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¤W¡A§Ú­Ì¬Ý¨£·Ï³o­Ó¦r¨Ã¤£¯à¥Nªí¤õªº·N«ä¡C

 

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©Ò¥H¦b»¡¡y³o±i®à¤l¡zªº®É­Ô¡A´N¥]§tªº¤@­Ó·N¹³ªº«ü¯A¡AÅý»¡ªÌ©MÅ¥ªÌ³£¥i¥H¦³¤@­Ó¬Û¦Pªº·Pª¾¡CµM¦Ó³o¼Ëªº¦³®Ä©Ê¬O»Ý­n¤¤¤¶ªº¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¤@­Ó¦r©Î¬O¤@ºØªí¹F¥i¥H³Q¨Ï¥Î§@¬°¹L¥h©Î¥¼¨Óªº¸gÅç¡AÂǵۻ¡¥t¤@ºØ»y¨¥ªº¦r¡A»¡¸ÜªÌ¤]³\¦b«ü¥O¤@­Ó®É¶¡©Î¬O¦aÂI¡C

¦bÂù»yªºªÀ¸s¤¤¡A¨Ï¥Î¤@ºØ»y¨¥¦Ó¤£¨Ï¥Î¥t¤@ºØ»y¨¥¡A¤]³\¬O¯Á¤ÞµÛ¤@­Ó¤Ö¼Æ¥Á±Úªº¦Û´L¤ß©Î¬O¤@ºØ¬Fªv¥ß³õ¡C¥[®³¤jªº»í¥_§J¬O¤@­Ó¨Ò¤l(p18)¡CµM¦Ó¦]¬°¬Fªv¥ß³õªº¨ú¦V¨âºØ»y¨¥ªº¿ï¾Ü±N·|²£¥Í©è§Ü(resist)¢w¨Ò¤l(p19)

 

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