¡@
¼vÅT¥xÆW¦a°Ï¦Ñ¤HÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î¦]¯À¤§±´°Q
(½×¤å´£ºõ)
¦¿õ¶W(«nµØªÀ·|©Ò¬ã¨s¥Í)
»O»Ô¦a°Ï¤»¤Q¤·³¥H¤W¦Ñ¦~¤H¤f«ü¼Ð
³æ¦ì¡G¤H¡F%
¡@ ¦~ ©³ §O |
Á` ¤H ¤f (¤H) |
¤»¤Q¤·³ ¥H¤W¤H¤f (¤H) |
¤»¤Q¤·³ ¥H¤W¤H¤f¤ñ¨Ò (%) |
¦Ñ¤Æ«ü¼Æ (65·³¥H¤W¤H¤f/0-14·³¤H¤f)*100 |
¥Á°ê78¦~©³ |
20,156,587 |
1,201,321 |
6.0 |
21.7 |
¥Á°ê79¦~©³ |
20,401,305 |
1,268,631 |
6.2 |
23.0 |
¥Á°ê80¦~©³ |
20,605,831 |
1,345,429 |
6.5 |
24.8 |
¥Á°ê81¦~©³ |
20,802,622 |
1,416,133 |
6.8 |
26.4 |
¥Á°ê82¦~©³ |
20,995,416 |
1,490,801 |
7.1 |
28.2 |
¥Á°ê83¦~©³ |
21,177,874 |
1,562,356 |
7.4 |
30.2 |
¥Á°ê84¦~©³ |
21,357,431 |
1,631,054 |
7.6 |
32.1 |
¥Á°ê85¦~©³ |
21,525,433 |
1,691,608 |
7.9 |
34.0 |
¥Á°ê86¦~©³ |
21,742,815 |
1,752,056 |
8.1 |
35.7 |
¥Á°ê87¦~©³ |
21,928,591 |
1,810,231 |
8.3 |
37.6 |
¥Á°ê88¦~©³ |
22,092,387 |
1,865,472 |
8.4 |
39.4 |
¥Á°ê89¦~9¤ë©³ |
22,218,949 |
1,903,743 |
8.6 |
40.4 |
¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡G¤º¬F³¡²Îp³B¡Chttp://www.moi.gov.tw/W3/stat/home.asp¡]2002.9.12¡^
®Ú¾Ú¤º¬F³¡²Îp³B³Ì·sµo§Gªº²Îp¸ê®ÆÅã¥Ü¡A¨ì89¦~9¤ë©³¬°¤î¡A§Ú°ê65·³¥H¤W¤H¤f¤w¹F¨ì1,903,743¤H¡A¦Ó65·³¥H¤W¤H¤f§ó¤w¸g¦ûÁ`¤H¤f¼Æ22,218,949¤Hªº8.53¡C¦Ó89¦~ªº»O»Ô¦a°Ï¦Ñ¤Hª¬ªp¬dºKn¤ÀªR¡A¥ç«ü¥Xªñ10¦~¨Ó¡A65·³¥H¤W¦Ñ¤H¨ä¥e¤H¤f¤§¤ñ²v¡A¤w¥Ñ80¦~¤§6.53%¡A¼W¦Ü89¦~¤§8.62%¡A¼W´T¨³³t¡A¹w´Á¦Ü¥Á°ê100¦~®É¡A¦Ñ¤H¤ñ²v±N¦Ü9.94%¡C¡]¤º¬F³¡²Îp³B¡^¦¹¥~¡A½Ã¥Í¸p²Îp³B³Ì·s§Ú°ê°ê¥ÁÂåÀø«O°·¤ä¥X²Îp¸ê®Æ¤]»¡©ú°ê¤ºÂåÀø¤ä¥X¤§¼Wªø¦]¯À³¡¤À¨Ó¦Û¤H¤fµ²ºc¦Ñ¤Æ¡A¦Ñ¤H¤£½×´N¶E²v©ÎÂåÀøµ¹¥I§¡°¾°ª¡A±q89¦~65·³¥H¤W¦Ñ¤H¥§¡¨C¤Hªù¶EÂåÀø¶O¥Î¡A¬°0~64·³ªÌªº3.41¿¡A¨ä¤¤¦èÂåªù¶E¥ç°ª¹F4.09¿¡F¦Ó65·³¥H¤W¦Ñ¤H¥§¡¨C¤H¦í¶E¶O¥Î¡A§ó¬O«D°ªÄ֪̤§7.09¿¡A¥Dn«Y¦Ñ¤H¯e¯f¦h¬°ºC©Ê¯f¡A¥B±`¨ã¦h¼Ë©Ê¡C¡]½Ã¥Í¸p§Ú°ê°ê¥ÁÂåÀø«O°·¤ä¥X²Îp¡^
¹Ïªí¨Ó·½http://www.moi.gov.tw/W3/stat/home.asp¡]2002.9.12¡^
¥Ñ¤Wz¹Ïªí¸ê®Æªº¤ÀªR¤¤¥i±oª¾¡A¦]¬°¦Ñ¦~¤H¤f¤ñ¨Ò¤£Â_¤Wº¦¡A´«¨¥¤§¡A¥xÆW¦Ñ¤H¤H¤f±N±q¤@¦Ê¤»¤Q¤T¸U¼W¥[¬°¤G¦Ê¸U¡A³y¦¨ÂåÀøªA°Èªº»Ý¨D¼W¥[¡AÄ~¦Ó¯Ó¥Î¸û¦hÂåÀø¸ê·½ªº°ÝÃD¥¿¦b§Ú°êªÀ·|¤¤Åã²{¡A¦³Å²©ó¦¹¡A¤F¸Ñ²{¶¥¬q¥xÆW¦Ñ¤HÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Îªº±¡§Î¡A¤ÎI«á¼vÅT¦Ñ¤HÂåÀøªA°Èªº¦]¯À¡A¦]¦¹²`¤JÁA¸Ñ¼vÅT¦Ñ¤HÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î¦]¤l¬O¬Û·í«nªº¡C
®Ú¾ÚAndersen
et.al (1976)¡BKronenfeld(1978)µ¥¬ã¨s¡A¦Ñ¦~¤H·|ÀHµÛ¦~ÄÖ¤§¼Wªø¬Û¹ï¦a¬Ý¯f¦¸¼W¥[¡C(Haug,
1981)ªº¬ã¨sµ²ªGÅã¥Ü¡A65·³¥H¤Wªº¦Ñ¤H¨Ï¥Î¸û¦hÂåÀøªA°È¡A¦Ó(Rice
and Feldman, 1983)¦b¨ä¬ã¨s¤¤¡A¥ç«ü¥X¦]¦Ñ¦~¤H¤f¤£Â_¼W¥[¡A¨Ã¥B¯Ó¥Î¤F¤j³¡¥÷ªºÂåÀø¸ê·½¡A¦¹¥~Markidesµ¥(1985)¤ÎMutran(1988)ªº¬ã¨sµo²{¡A¦~ÄÖ¥i³z¹L¼vÅT°·±dª¬ªp¡A¶¡±µ¼vÅTÂåÀøªA°Èªº§Q¥Î¡C¦ýBe¡¦land(1988)«o»{¬°ÀH¦~ÄÖ¼W¥[,ÂåÀøªA°Èªº§Q¥Î¨Ã¥¼ÀH¤§¼W¥[,¡A¦bWolinskyµ¥(1988)ªº¬ã¨s«hÅã¥Ü¡A80·³¥H¤Wªº¦Ñ¤H¨äªù¶E¨Ï¥Î²v¦]¨Å鬡°Ê¨ü¦U¦Ó¤U°¡C¤£¹L¦b1980¦~«á¦³·U¨Ó·U¦hªºÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î¬ã¨s¡A¥H¦Ñ¤H¬°¥Dnªº±´°Q¹ï¶H¡A¬O¤@Ó¤£ª§ªº¨Æ¹ê¡C¦Ó¥B¶}©l¦³¤@¨Ç¾ÇªÌ¥HÁa³e¦¡ªº¬ã¨s³]p±´°Q¦Ñ¤HªºÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î¡A¦pEve(1988)¡BMossey(1988)¤ÎHansell(1991)µ¥(¤Þ¦Û´¿¾åµa,
1996)¡C
¦¹¥~¡A¤]¦³¾ÇªÌ¹Á¸Õ¥HªÀ·|¤å¤Æ¦]¯À¡A¸Õ¹Ï¸ÑÄÀÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î¡A¦pElliott(1972)±´°QªÀ·|¤å¤Æ»Ùê¹ïÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Îªº¼vÅT¡ATaylorµ¥(1975)±´°QªÀ·|¤å¤Æ«ü¼Ð»PÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥ÎªºÃö«Yµ¥¡C
°£¤F¦³¾ÇªÌ¹Á¸Õ¥HªÀ·|¤å¤Æ¦]¯À¥[¤JÂåÀøªA°Èªº§Q¥Î¥~¥ç¦³¾ÇªÌ±N¤£¦Pªº·§©À¾ã¦X©ó¦P¤@¬ã¨s¬[ºc¤¤¡A¿n·¥ªº«Ø¥ß¸û§¹¾ãªº¬ã¨s¼Ò¦¡²z½×¨Ó¶i¤@¨B±´°QÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î¡A¦pFabrega(1973)(decision-therotic
model)¡BMechanic(1978)(general theory of help seeking)¤ÎAndersenµ¥(1968¡B1973¡B1974)«Ø¥ßªº°·±d¦æ¬°¼Ò¦¡(health
behavior model)¡C¤£¹L¦Ü80¦~¥N¤§«á¤w¦³³\¦h¾ÇªÌªº¬ã¨s«K¬O¥HAndersen°·±d¦æ¬°¼Ò¦¡¡A°µ¬°¬ã¨s¬[ºcªº¿ï¾Ü¡C¨Ã¦b²Îp¤èªkªºÀ³¥Î¤W¡A¦h¯à¥H¦hÅܶµ¤ÀªR±´°QÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î±¡§Î¡C¦pKronenfeld(1980)¡ACoultonµ¥(1982)¡AStoller(1982)¡AEve(1988)¡AWolinskyµ¥(1991)¡C
°ê¤º¬ÛÃö¬ã¨s
³¯»F¨k(1992)¨Ì¾ÚAnderson¼Ò«¬(Anderson,
1968)¡A±Ä¥Î¥Á°ê¤C¤Q¤K¦~¦æ¬F°|¥Dp³B©ÒÁ|¿ìªº¡u¦Ñ¤Hª¬ªp½Õ¬d¡v¸ê®Æ¡A¥H¤@¯ë°jÂk¼Ò«¬±À¦ô¥þ¥Á°·«O¹ê¬I«á¡A¦Ñ¤HÂåÀø»Ý¨D¤§¼W¥[±¡§Î¡C¨ä¤ÀªRµ²ªGÅã¥Ü¡A¦³«OÀIªº¦Ñ¤H¬Ý¯f¦¸¼ÆµÛ¸û¦h¡C³¯»F¨k(1996)¶i¤@¨B«ü¥X¥xÆW¥Ñ©ó¤H¤f¦Ñ¤Æ¨B½Õ¥[§Ö»P¬F©²§Y±N±À¦æ¥þ¥Á°·±d«OÀI¨â¦]¯À¡A¥i¯à¾ÉP¦Ñ¤HªºÂåÀø»Ý¨D§e¤j´T«×¦¨ªø¡A¬G°w¹ï¥þ¥Á°·±d«OÀI¤§±À®i¡A©Ò¥i¯à¤Þ°_ÂåÀø»Ý¨D¤§ÂX±i±¡§Î§@±À¦ô¡C¦ÓªLªåªå(1992)¡B³¢ÀR¿P(1992)¡B±d°·¹Ø(1992)µ¥ªº¬ã¨s¬O±´°Q¼vÅT¤¤¦èÂå§Q¥Îªº¼vÅT¦]¯À¡CªL¯À¯u(1995)ªº¬ã¨s«hÅã¥Ü¦~ÄÖ¤jªÌªù¶EªA°È§Q¥Î¦¸¼Æ¸û¦h¡C
¥Ñ¥H¤W¤åÄmªºµo¦^ÅUµo²{¡A¤@ª½¦³¾ÇªÌ¤£Â_¦b±´°QÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î¡A¨äì¦]°£¤F¦¹Ä³ÃD¬°°·±d·ÓÅ@¬Fµ¦³W¹ºªÌ©ÒÃö¤ß¥~¡A¥Ñ¨ä¦b³\¦h¹êÃÒ¬ã¨s©Î½Õ¬d³ø§i¡A¬Ò¬ÛÄ~«ü¥X¦Ñ¦~±Ú¸s¬OÂåÀø¸ê·½ªº¥Dn¨Ï¥ÎªÌ®É¡AÁA¸Ñ¦Ñ¤HÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Îªº¼Ò¦¡¡A¤Î¼vÅT¦Ñ¤HÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Îªº«n¬ÛÃö¦]¤l¡A«K¦¨¬°³W¹º°·±d·ÓÅ@¬Fµ¦®É«nªº¬ÛÃö¦Ò¶q¡C
¡]¤@¡^¬ã¨s¥Øªº
²Ä¤@¡B±´°Q¥xÆW¦a°Ï¦Ñ¤HÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Îªº±¡§Î¡C
²Ä¤G¡B±´°Q¥xÆW¦a°Ï¦Ñ¤HªÀ·|¤ä«ù»P¥æ´«ªº±¡§Î
²Ä¤T¡B±´°Q¥xÆW¦a°Ï¦Ñ¤H¦Ûµû°·±dª¬ªpªº±¡§Î
²Ä¥|¡B«h¬O±´°Q»PÅçÃÒ¼vÅT¦Ñ¤HÂåÀø¸ê·½§Q¥Îªº¥Dn¦]¯À¡A±´°Qªº¦]¤l¥]§t¦Ñ¤HªºªÀ·|¤ä«ù¨t²Î¡B¦Ñ¤H¸ê¥»µ²ºc«¬ºA¤Î¦Ñ¤H¦Ûµû°·±dµ¥¤TÓ±¦V¡C¦b±±¨î¨ä¥Lªº¤TÓ¦]¤l«á¡A¥»¬ã¨s±N±´°Q¦Ñ¤HªºªÀ·|¤ä«ù¨t²Î¡B¦Ñ¤Hºc¦¨¸ê¥»¤Î¦Ñ¤H¦Ûµû°·±d¹ï¦Ñ¤HÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î©Ò²£¥Íªº¼vÅT¤Î¬ÛÃö©Ê¡C
²Ä¤¡B±´°Q»PÅçÃÒ¤£¦Pªº¸ê¥»µ²ºc«¬ºA»P¦Ñ¤HªÀ·|¤ä«ù¨t²Î¡B¦Ûµû°·±dªºÅÞ¿è¬ÛÃö©Ê¡C
²Ä¤»¡B±´°Q»PÅçÃҦѤHÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Îªº±¡ªp»P¦º¤`²v¶¡ªº¬ÛÃö©Ê¡C
¡]¤G¡^¬ã¨s°²³]
²Ä¤@¡B¦Ñ¦~±Ú¸sªºªÀ·|¤ä«ù¨t²Î¡B¸ê¥»µ²ºc«¬ºA¡B¦Ûµûªº°·±dª¬ªp»PÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î¦³Ãö¡C
²Ä¤G¡B¦Ñ¦~±Ú¸sªºªÀ·|¤ä«ù¨t²Î¡B¸ê¥»µ²ºc«¬ºA¡B¦Ûµûªº°·±dª¬ªp¤TªÌ¨ã¦³¬ÛÃö©Ê¡C
²Ä¤T¡B¦Ñ¦~±Ú¸sªºÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î»P¦º¤`²vªºÅÜ°ÊÁͶզ³¬ÛÃö©Ê¡C
¡]¤T¡^¬ã¨s¬[ºc
ªÀ·|¤ä«ù»P¥æ´«¬ÛÃöÅܶµ¥]§t
1¤¤¦Ñ¦~¤H´£¨Ñ®a¤H¤Î¿Ë¤Í¤§¤u¨ã©Ê¤Î·ÓÅU©Ê¤§¤ä«ù
2®a¤H¤Î¿Ë¤Í´M¨D¤¤¦Ñ¦~¤H¤§ºë¯«¤ä«ù±¡§Î
3¤¤¦Ñ¦~¤Hı±o¦Û¤v¹ï®a¤H¤Î¿Ë¤Íªº¤ä«ùµ{«×
4¤¤¦Ñ¦~¤HÀò±o®a¤H©Î¿Ë¤Íªº¤u¨ã©Ê¤ä«ùµ{«×
5¤¤¦Ñ¦~¤HÀò±o®a¤H©Î¿Ë¤Íªº¤u¨ã©Ê¤ä«ù¤§º¡·N«×
6¤¤¦Ñ¦~¤HÀò±o®a¤H©Î¿Ë¤Íªº·ÓÅU©Ê¤ä«ùµ{«×
7¤¤¦Ñ¦~¤H´M¨D®a¤H©Î¿Ë¤Íªººë¯«©Ê¤ä«ùµ{«×
8¤¤¦Ñ¦~¤H¹ï®a¤H©Î¿Ë¤Íµ¹¤©Ãö¤ßªºº¡·N«×
9¤¤¦Ñ¦~¤HÀò±o¤é±`¥Í¬¡¬¡°Êªº¨ó§U
10¤¤¦Ñ¦~¤H»P¤l¤k©Î¿Ë±ªº¤é±`¸gÀ٥洫
ÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Îªº¬ã¨s»Pºî¦X°Q½×
¨Ì²{¦³¡uÂåÀø§Q¥Î¡v¤§¬ÛÃö¬ã¨s³ø§i¤¤¡A¤w¦³³\¦h±M®a¾ÇªÌ´£¥X¦UºØ½×ÂI¤Î¨ä¬Ýªk¡F¤@¯ë¦Ó¨¥¬Ò»{¬°¥þ¥Á°·«O¹ê¬I«á¡A¥Á²³ÂåÀø§Q¥Î·|¦]¡§«OÀIªº«O»Ù§ïÅÜÓ¤H¹w¨¾¦MÀIªº°Ê¾÷¡¨¤Î¡§¨Ñµ¹±»¤µoªº»Ý¨D¼W¥[¡¨¦¹¨â¶µ¦]¯À¼vÅT¦Ó¼W¥[¡C¤@¡B«OÀIªº«O»Ù§ïÅÜÓ¤H¹w¨¾¦MÀIªº°Ê¾÷¡C¥Ñ©ó³Q«OÀI¤H±Á{ÂåÀøªA°È¬Û¹ï»ù®æÅܧC¡A¦³°·±d«OÀIªº¤H¥i¯à¶É¦V©ó¦h§Q¥ÎÂåÀøªA°È¡A§Î¦¨©Ò¿×ªº¹D¼w¦MÀI¡]Ehrlich
& Becker¡A1972¡F³¯»F¨kµ¥¡A1996¡^¡C¤G¡B¨Ñµ¹±»¤µoªº»Ý¨D¼W¥[¡C¥Ñ©ó¯e¯f¬°¤£¥i§Ü©Úªº¦]¯À¡A»ù®æ»Ý¨D¼u©Ê°¾§C¡AÂå®v¬°¼W¥[¦¬¤J·|»¤µo¥Á²³¨Ï¥Î§ó¦hªºÂåÀø¸ê·½
( Sorkin¡A1992¡F³¯²Qs¡A1998 )¡CSuchman(1965)¹ïÂåÀø¸ê·½§Q¥Îªº©w¸q¬O«ü¡A¤@Ó¤H¿©¯f©Î´M¨D¹w¨¾«O°·®É¨ìÂåÀø«O°·³õ©Ò±µ¨üÂåÀø±M·~¤Hûªº¶EÂ_»PªvÀø¡]¤Þ¦Û´^»ñ¬ü¡A¥Á89¡^¡CEve(1988)¡AHansellµ¥
(1991)¤ÎCunninghamµ¥(1993)³£¬O±´°Q«e¤@¦~ªº¯S©Ê¹ï²Ä¤G¦~ÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Îªº¼vÅT¡C¦]¦¹¦b°·«O¹ê¬Iªº¦P®É¬°ÁקKÂåÀø¸ê·½ªº®ö¶O¡A¥ç¯Ç¤J³¡¤Àt¾áªº¾÷¨î¡A´Á±æÂǦ¹§í¨î¤£·íªºÂåÀø§Q¥Î¡C
§õ¾å¸Ö¡]¥Á90¡^¹êÃÒµ²ªGµo²{¡A°£¦~ÄÖ¥~µL½×¬O¹ïªù¶E©Î¦í°|ÂåÀø¸ê·½ªº§Q¥Î¬Ò§eÅãµÛ¥B¥¿±ªº¼vÅT¡A¨ä¥L¦p¤k©ÊÁö¦³¸û°ªªºªù¶EÂåÀø¸ê·½§Q¥Î²v¡A¦ý¦b¦í°|¤Ñ¼Æ¤W«o¸û¨k©Ê¬°§C¡A©Ò±o¹ïªù¶EÂåÀø¸ê·½§Q¥Î¤Î¦í°|¾÷²vªº¼vÅT¬°¥¿¡A¦Ó¹ï¦í¤Ñ¼Æªº¼vÅT¤O«o¬°t¡A¦ý§¡¥¼¹FÅãµÛªº¼vÅT¤O¡C¼B¤å¥É¡]¥Á89¡^ªº¬ã¨s¤¤¡A«ü¥X¹ï¥Á²³ªºªù¶EÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î¦Ó¨¥¡A´NÂå®É¶¡¦¨¥»§e²{ÅãµÛt¦V¼vÅT¡A¦Ó´NÂåª÷¿ú»ù®æ«hµLÅãµÛ¼vÅT¡A¥Ñ¦¹¥iª¾°·«O¹ê¬I¤§«á¡A¡u´NÂå®É¶¡¦¨¥»¡v½T¹ê¬O¼vÅT¥Á²³ÂåÀøªA°È¨Ï¥Î¡C¿àªÚ¨¬¡]¥Á84¡^¬ã¨sµ²ªGµo²{¡A®a®x¸ê·½¡BªÀ·|¸ê·½¤ÎÓ¤H¶É¦V¦]¯À¹ïªù¶E¤Î¦í°|¤§¼vÅT¸û¤p¡A¥Dn¼vÅT¥Á²³ÂåÀø§Q¥Î¬°»Ýn¦]¯À¬°¦Ûı°·±dª¬ªp¡B¬O§_¦³ºC©Ê¯f¡B¬¡°Ê¨ü¤Ñ¼Æ¡C
¦Ó¾Gµ¤ì¡]¥Á84¡^¬ã¨sªº«ÂI¬O°w¹ï¥Á°ê¤C¤Q¤K¦~¡B¤K¤Q¦~¡B¤K¤Q¤G¦~ÀH¡u¤H¤O¸ê·½½Õ¬d¡v©Òªþ±a¿ì²z¤§¡u¦Ñ¤Hª¬ªp½Õ¬d¡v¸ê®Æ¡A¤Î¥Á°ê¤K¤Q¤¦~²¾¥Ñ¤º¬F³¡¦Û¦æ³W¹º½Õ¬d¤§¡u¦Ñ¤Hª¬ªp½Õ¬d¡v¸ê®Æ¡A¦@¥|¦~¤§¾îÂ_±¸ê®Æ¡]cross-section
data¡^§@¹êÃÒ¤ÀªR±´°Q«OÀI¹ï¦Ñ¤HÂåÀø»Ý¨Dªº¼vÅT¡A¥H¤Î¦UºØ«OÀIª¬ºAªº¦Ñ¤H¡]µL«OÀIªÌ¡B³Ò¹A«O»P°·«OªÌ¡^¤§ÂåÀø»Ý¨D§ÎºA¬O§_¦³ÅãµÛ¦a¤£¦P¡A¹êÃÒµ²ªGµo²{°·±d«OÀI½T¹ê·|¼W¥[¦Ñ¤HÂåÀø¸ê·½ªº¨Ï¥Î¡F¥t¥~¡A¨Ì¾Ú·§¦ü¨ç¼Æ¤ñ¨ÒÀË©wµ²ªG¡A¥çÅã¥Ü¥X¥þ¥Á°·«O¹ê¬I±N©úÅã§ïÅÜ¥xÆW¦Ñ¤HÂåÀø¸ê·½ªº¨Ï¥Î«¬ºA¡C´¿¾åµa¡]¥Á84¡^¬ã¨s«h¨Ï¥Î¦æ¬F°|½Ã¥Í¸p©ó1994¤Î1995¦~18¨ì65·³ªº¤¤³¡¤¿¤¥«¥Á²³¬°¬ã¨s¹ï¶H¡A¼Ë¥»¼Æ¬°1993¤H¡A¥Î¥Hµû¦ô¥Á²³°·±dª¬ºA¹ïÂåÀø§Q¥Îªº¼vÅT¡AÂåÀø§Q¥Î¼Ò¦¡±Ä¥Î1995¦~Andersen°·±d¦æ¬°¼Ò¦¡¡A¨äÂåÀø§Q¥Îªºµ²ªGÅã¥Ü¡A¦~ÄÖ·U¤j¦èÂåªù¶E§Q¥Î¦¸¼Æ·U¤j¡A¤k©Ê¦èÂåªù¶E§Q¥Î¦¸¼Æ¦³¤j©ó¨k©Êªº¶É¦V¡A¨Åé¯kµhµ{«×©MÓ¤Hµû¦ô¨Åé°·±dµ{«×·U®t«h¦èÂåªù¶Eªº
§Q¥Î·|¸û°ª¡C¥Ñ¥H¤Wªºµ²ªG¥iª¾¡A¦b±±¨î¨ä¥L«nÅܶµ¤U¡A¦Ñ¤H°·±dª¬ªpÅܤƤ´¬°¼vÅTÂåÀøªA°Èªº¥Dn¦]¯À¡C
¦Ó¥»¬ã¨s¤¤ªº¦Ñ¤HÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î·§©À¡A«h¬O¥H¸gÀپǻâ°ì¤¤®ø¶Oªº·§©À¡A©Ò¥H¦b°Q½×¦ó¿×ÂåÀø§Q¥Î¤§«e¡A»Ý¥ýÂç²M¡§®ø¶O¡¨¦b¥»¤å¤¤ªº©w¸q¡A³q±`·í¤H̦b±q¨Æ®ø¶O¦æ¬°®É¡A«üªº¬O¤@ºØ¦Ûµo¥B¦Û§Q¡A¥B¦b¸gÀ٦ۥѥ«³õ¤¤ªº³æ¯Â²z©Ê¸gÀ٥洫¦æ¬°¡C¥ÎMarx.weberªº¸Ü¨Ó»¡«h¬O¡u¤@Ӧ欰¡A¥un·í¥¦®Ú¾Ú¨ä©Ò»{¬°ªº·N¦V¡A¥H³]ªkº¡¨¬¹ï¦³¥Î®Ä¯qªº±ý±æ¬°¨ú¦V®É¡A´NÀ³¸Ó¥s°µ¡§¥H¸gÀÙ¬°¨ú¦V¡¨¡C¡§¸gÀ٦欰¡¨À³¸Ó¥s°µ¤@ºØ©M¥¦æ¨Ï¥Dn¬O¥H¸gÀÙ¬°¨ú¦Vªº¤ä°tÅv¤O¡A¦Ó¡§¦X²zªº¸gÀ٦欰¡¨À³¸Ó¥s°µ¥Øªº¦X¥G²z©Ê§Y¦³p¹º¦a¦æ¨Ï¥H¸gÀÙ¬°¨ú¦Vªº¤ä°tÅv¤O¡C¡§¸gÀÙ¡¨À³¸Ó¥s°µ¤@ºØ¦Û¥D¦w±Æªº«ùÄòªº¸gÀ٦欰¡A¦Ó¡§¸gÀÙ¥ø·~¡¨À³¸Ó¥s°µ¤@Ó«ö¥ø·~¤è¦¡¦w±Æªº«ùÄòªº¸gÀ٦欰¡C¡v¡]¤Þ¦ÛªLºa»·Ä¶¡A1998¡^
¦¹¥~¡A¦b¸gÀپǪº¤åÄm¤¤¡A®Ä¥Î(Utility)©Ò«üºÙªº¬OÓ¤H®ø¶O¦UºØª««~©ÎªA°È«á¡A©ÒÀò±oªºº¡¨¬µ{«×ºÙ¤§¡C®Ú¾Ú¦¹¤@·§©À¡AGrossmanªº²z½×§i¶D§ÚÌ¡A¬O°·±d±aµ¹®ø¶OªÌ®Ä¥Î¡A¤£¬OÂåÀøªA°È¥»¨¡C¦]¦¹¡A§ÚÌ¥i±N®ø¶OªÌªº®Ä¥Î¨ç¼Æ¼g¦¨
¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@Utility=U(H,X)
¦¡¤¤¡A¢Ö¥Nªí°·±d¡A¢æ¥Nªí¨ä¥L¦UºØ°Ó«~©Ò²Õ¦¨ªº½Æ¦X®ø¶O«~(composite
commodity)¡A¨ä¤¤¢ã¢æ¡Ö¢¯¡A¢ã¢Ö¡Ö¢¯¡Aªí¥Ü§ó¦hªº°·±d©Î§ó¦hªº®ø¶O«~·|±aµ¹®ø¶OªÌ§ó¤jªº®Ä¥Î¡C
®Ú¾ÚGrossmanªº¬ã¨s«ü¥X¡A®ø¶OªÌ»Ýn°·±dªº²z¥Ñ¦³¨âºØ¡G²Ä¤@ºØ¬O®ø¶O¤Wªº§Q¯q¡A¤]´N¬O°·±d¬O¤@ºØ®ø¶O°](consumption
commodity)¡A¥¦ª½±µ¶i¤J®ø¶OªÌªº®Ä¥Î¨ç¼Æ¡AÅý®ø¶OªÌ±o¨ìº¡¨¬¡]°·±dªº·Pı¯u¦n¡^¡A©ÎªÌ¤Ï¹L¨Ó»¡¡A¥Í¯f·|²£¥Ít®Ä¥Î(disutility)¡F²Ä¤GºØ¬O§ë¸ê¤Wªº§Q¯q¡A¤]´N¬O°·±d¥ç¥iµø¬°¤@ºØ§ë¸ê°](investment
commodity)¡A¥¦¥i¥H¨M©w®ø¶OªÌ±q¨Æ¦UºØ¥«³õ»P«D¥«³õ¬¡°Êªº¡u¥i¥Î®É¶¡¡v¡C¡]¤Þ¦ÛÁ±ҷç¡B¿c·çªâ¡A2001¡^
¤@¯ë¦Ó¨¥¡A·í¤@Ó®ø¶OªÌ¡A¦b±¹ï¨ä¥L¦UºØ°Ó«~©Ò²Õ¦¨ªº½Æ¦X®ø¶O«~(composite
commodity)¡A·|¦]¬°¨CÓ¤H©Ò¾Ö¦³¸gÀٸ귽¤£¦P¡A»P¤£¦PÓÅé¹ï®Ä¥Îªº¥DÆ[»{ª¾¤£¦P¡A·|¦³¤£ºÉ¬Û¦Pªº¿ï¾Ü¡C´«¨¥¤§¡A¦P¤@®ø¶O°]·|¹ï¤£¦PÓÅé²£¥Í¤£¦P®Ä¥Î¡A¦ý¬O¡A®ø¶OªÌ³q±`¦b±¹ï¥¿±`°]®É¡AÓÅé©Ò°µ¥Xªº¿ï¾Ü¡A¹ïÓ¤H¦Ó¨¥¡A©¹©¹´N¬O¸gÀÙ¯à¤O¤§¤º©Ò¯à²£¥Íªº³Ì¤j®Ä¥Î¡C¤£¹L·í®ø¶OªÌ±N°·±d¡A¥çµø¬°¤@ºØ¥i¨Ñ®ø¶O¤§®ø¶O°]®É¡A®ø¶OªÌ³q±`«K¤£¨ã³Æ¯à¥¿½T¿ï¾ÜÂåÀø¸ê·½§Q¥Îªº¯à¤O¡A²£¥Í³oºØ±¡ªpªº¥Dn¦]¯À¬°¤@¡B¦b±¹ïÂåÀø±M·~®ÉÓ¤HµLªk¥¿½T§PÂ_¦Û¤vªº¯f±¡ÄY«µ{«×¤Î±w¯fªººØÃþ¤G¡B¦b±¹ïÂåÀø±M·~®ÉÓ¤HµLªk±oª¾¸Ó§Q¥Î¦óºØÂåÀø¸ê·½¤Î§Q¥Î¦h¤ÖÂåÀø¸ê·½
·í¥N¼Ú¬w³ÌµÛ¦W«ä·Q¤j®v«¢§Bº¿´µ¦b¡m¦Xªk¤Æ¦M¾÷¡n¤@®Ñ¤¤»¡¹L¡A¡u¦M¾÷·§©À¦b³Q·í§@¬ì¾Ç³Nµü¨Ï¥Î¤§«e¬O¤@ÓÂå¾Ç¥Î»y¡C¦bÂå¾Ç¤W¡A¦M¾÷¬O«ü¯e¯fªº¤@Ó¶¥¬q¡A³oÓ¶¥¬q±N¨M©w¨Å骺¦Û§Ú±d´_¯à¤O¬O§_¨¬¥H¨Ï¥Î«ì´_°·±d¡C¦M¾÷¹Lµ{´N¬O¯e¯f¡A¦ü¥G¬O«ÈÆ[¦s¦bªº¡C¤ñ¦p»¡¡A¶Ç¬V¯f¬O¥Ñ¥~¬É·P¬V¨Åé¦Ó¤Þµoªº¡F¨ü¨ì·P¬Vªº¨Åé«h°¾Â÷¤F¨ä¥¿±`ªº°·±dª¬ºA(sollstand)¡A³oÂI¥i¥HÆ[¹î¥X¨Ó¡A¨Ã¯à°÷¥Î¸gÅç°Ñ¼Æ¥[¥H¿Å¶q¡C¯f¤Hªº·NÃѦb³o¸Ì¬O¤£°_¥ô¦ó§@¥Îªº¡C¥L·Pı¦p¦ó¡A¥Lı±o¦Û¤vªº¯f±¡¦p¦ó¡A¤£¹L¬O¥L¥»¤H©Ò¾D¹Jªº¤@Өƥ󪺬YºØ¯gª¬¦Ó¤w¡A¹ï©ó³oӨƥó¡A¥L¥»¤HµL¯à¬°¤O¡C¡v¡]¤Þ¦Û¼B¥_¦¨¡A±ä½ÃªFĶ¡A2000¡^¡C
ºî¦X¥H¤W©Òz¡A¥i¥Hµo²{¤@¯ëª¬ªp¤Uªº¦Ñ¤H¡A¦b±¹ïÂå¾Ç±M·~ª¾ÃѤ¤¨ä¦Û¨°·±dª¬ªp®É¡A©Ò¯à½T¹ê²z¸Ñ»P´x´¤ªº¸ê°T¬O¬Û·í¦³ªº¡C³o¬O¦]¬°Âå¾Çª¾ÃѨ䣬O¦p±d¼w©Ò«üºÙ¡§¤@¯ë©Êªº±`ÃÑ¡¨
¡u¥¿½Tªºª¾©Ê¨Ã¤£¬O¬¯Ä£¨ä·§©À¤§Ác¦h¡A¥i¥H³o»ò»¡¡A¥¦¥]§tµÛ¨Ï³o¨Ç·§©À©M«ÈÅ骺ª¾ÃÑ¥H¤Î»P¯u²zªº´x´¤¬Û¾A¦Xªº¯à¤O»P§Þ¥©¡C¦³ªº¤HÀY¸£¤¤¦³³\¦h³o¼Ëªº·§©À¡A¥¦Ì¥þ³£²£¥Í©M¤HÌ·Qn±qþ¨àÅ¥¨ÓªºªF¦è¬ÛÃþ¦üªºµ²ªG¡A¦ý«o»P«ÈÅé¤Î¨ä³W©w²@µLÃöÁp¡C¥¿½Tªºª¾©Ê¨ã³Æ´¶³qª¾ÃѪº·§©À´N°÷¤F¡A³o´N¬O°·¥þªº¡]¤é±`¥Í¬¡¤¤°÷¥Îªº¡^ª¾©Ê¡C¡v¡]¤Þ¦Û·ì«C¥D½s¡A2002¡^¡C¦]¦¹¨CӦѤH¡A¥Ñ©ó¹ï°·±dª¾ÃѪº»{ÃѦ³©Ò¤£¦P¡A¥B±¹ï¦Û¨°·±dª¬ªpªº´x´¤µ{«×¤£¦P¡A¦b³oºØ»{ª¾¤£¦Pªº±¡ªp¤U¡A«K±N²£¥Í¤F¦p¦Ì·²º¸.ºÖ¬_¦b¡mÁ{§ÉÂå¾Çªº½Ï¥Í¡n¤@®Ñ¤¤´£¨ìªº¡A¯e¯fªº¡§¹êÅ顨»P¯f¤Hªº¦×Å餧¶¡ªº·Ç½TÅ|¦X¡A¤£¹L¬O¤@¥ó¾ú¥vªº¡B¼È®Éªº¨Æ¹ê¡C¥¦ÌªºÁÛ°m¶È¶È¹ï©ó§Ų́ӻ¡¬O¤£¨¥¦Ó³ëªº¡A©ÎªÌ§ó·Ç½T¦a»¡¡A§Ú̲{¦b¥u¬Oèè¶}©l·Q«ÈÆ[¦a¬Ý«Ý³oºØÁÛ°m¡C¯e¯fºc¦¨ªºªÅ¶¡»P¯f±w¦b¦×Å餤©w¦ìªºªÅ¶¡¡A¦bÂåÀø¸gÅ礤Å|¦X¡A¥u¦³¤@¬q¸ûµuªº®É¶¡¡A¦b³oӮɴÁ¡A¤Q¤E¥@¬öªºÂå¾Ç¦P®Éµo¥Í¡A¦Ó¥B¯f²z¸Ñå¾ÇÀò±o¯SÅv¦a¦ì¡C¥¿¬O³oӮɴÁ¡A¥Øµø(regard)¨É¦³¥D®_Åv¤O¡A¦]¬°¦b¦P¤@·Pª¾»â°ì¡A´`µÛ¦P¼Ëªº³sÄò©Ê©Î¦P¼ËªºÂ_µõ¡A¸gÅ硧¤@¤U¤l¡¨´N¯àŪ¥X¾÷Å骺¥i¨£¯f¨_¥H¤Î¦UºØ¯f²z§Î¦¡ªºÁp¨t¡F¯e¯f·Ç½T¦aªí²{¦b¦×Åé¤W¡A¨äÅÞ¿è¤À¥¬¤]¦P®É«ö·Ó¸Ñ³¡¾Ç²Õ´¦Ó®i¶}¡C³o¡§¤@¿h¡¨¤£¹L¬O¦b¥¦©Ò´¦¥Üªº¯u²z¤Wªº¹B§@¡A©ÎªÌ»¡³o¬O¦b¦æ¨Ï¥¦´¤¦³¥þ³¡Åv§QªºÅv¤O¡C¡]¤Þ¦Û¼B¥_¦¨Ä¶¡A2001¡^¡C´«¨¥¤§¡A·í¤@Ó³q¹Lµ²ºc¦¡¨î«×¤U±M·~Âå¾Ç¦Ò¸Õ¡A¦Ó¨ú±o¦Xªk¸ê®æªºÂå®v¡A¦Ü¦¹«K¾Ö¦³¤F©Ò¿×Âå¾Ç±M·~»{ª¾¡A¦b¦¹ºØ¡§¯SÅv¡¨©³¤U¡A¦b±¹ï²Å¦XÂå¾Çª¾ÃÑ¡§¤£°·±d¡¨©w¸q®Éªº¥ô¦ó¤H®É¡A³£¥i¥Hµ¹¤©«Øij©Î¥þÅv¨M©wÂåÀø¸ê·½ªº¨Ï¥Îµ{«×¡C¦]¦¹¡A¦b¥þ¥Á°·«O¥þ±¹ê¦æªº¤µ¤Ñ¡AÂå®v¬°¤FÀò¨ú¸û°ªªº³ø¹S¡]¥i¨Ñ¥Ó³ø°·«Oµ¹¥I¡^¡A³q±`·|¬°¯f¤H¨M©w°·«OÄ@·Nµ¹¥Iªº³Ì°ªÂåÀø¸ê·½§Q¥Î¡A¬Æ¦Ü¬°¤F´£°ªÂå°|Àç·~ÃB¦Ó§@°²¡C
Phelps»PFolland¦b(1997¦~)ªº¬ã¨s¤¤¡A»¡©úÂåÀø«O°·ªºªA°È©Ò¨ã³Æ¬YºØ¯S®í©Êªº®ÉÔ«ü¥X¡AÂåÀø«O°·ªºªA°È¨ä¿W¯Sªº¦a¤è¡A¦b©ó¥¦¾Ö¦³¤U¦Cªº¯SÂI¡A¡]¤Þ¦ÛÁ±ҷç¡B¿c·çªâ¡A2001¡^
¢°.
¤£½T©w©Ê(Uncertainty)-ÂåÀø«O°·ªA°È¨ã³Æ¤@ºØ¤£½T©w©Ê¡CKenneth
J. Arrow¦b1963¦~ªº¬ã¨s¤¤Åã¥Ü¡AÂåÀø«O°·ªA°È©Ò¨ã³Æªº¤£½T©w©Ê¥i¤À¬°¨âÓ³¡¥÷¡A²Ä¤@¬OÓÅé¨Ã¨S¦³¿ìªk¹w¥ý¥hª¾¹D¤Î´x´¤ÓÅ骺°·±dª¬ªp²£¥ÍªºÅܤơC²Ä¤G«h¬O«üÓÅé¦b¿©±w¯e¯fªº®ÉÔ¡AÓÅé¦b±¹ï¯e¯f©Ò±Ä¨úªº¤@ºØªvÀøªº¤â¬q¡A¦ý³oºØªvÀøªº¤â¬q¹ï¨ä©Ò²£¥Íªº®ÄªG¨Ã¨S¦³¿ìªk¥h¹w´úªº¡A³q±`³oºØ¤£½T©wªº±¡§Î¨Ã¤£·|¦b¨ä¥Lªº°Ó«~¡A¸gÀÙ®ø¶O¦æ¬°¤¤µo¥Í¡]¨ä¥Lªº²£«~³q±`§t¦³°â«áªA°È¾÷¨î¡A®ø¶OªÌ¥ç¥i¥H§Q¥Î¥HÀò±oªº¸ê°T°µ¥X¾A·í¨M©w¡^¡C
¢±.
ÂåÀø«OÀIªº¤¶¤J(Insurance)¡Ð³\¦h¹êÃÒªº¬ã¨s«ü¥X¡A«OÀIªº¤¶¤J²£¥Í¹ï®ø¶OªÌªºÂåÀø®ø¶O¦æ¬°·|²£¥Í¤@ºØ³Ìª½±µªº¼vÅT¡C¦Ó³oºØ¼vÅT´N¬O¤@ºØ¹D¼wªº¦MÀI¡C³q±`¦b«OÀIªº²z½×¸Ì¡A¹D¼wªº¦MÀI¦³¨âºØ¥Dnªº·N²[¡A¤@ºØ¬O³Q«OÀI¤H¦bÁʶR«OÀI¤§«á¡A·|°§C³Q«OÀI¤H¦b¯e¯fµo¥Í«e¹w¨¾ªº¤@ºØ·NÄ@»Pª`·N¤O¡C³Q«OÀI¤H·|¥[¤j¯e¯fµo¥Í«á¯Á½ßªºµ{«×¡C
¢².
¸ê°Tªº¤£¹ïºÙ¡]Information
Asymmetry¡^
¥Î¦Ì·²º¸.ºÖ¬_ªº¸Ü»¡¡AÂå¾Ç»{ÃѪº°ò¥»¬¡°Ê´N¬O«Ø¥ß¡§§¤¼Ð¡¨¡G§â¤@ºØ¯gª¬¦w¸m¦b¤@ºØ¯e¯f¤¤¡A§â¤@ºØ¯e¯f¦w¸m¦b¤@ºØÃþ«¬ªº¶°¦XÅ餤¡A§â³oºØ¶°¦XÅé¦w¸m¦b¯e¯f¥@¬ÉªºÁ`Åé¹Ï®×¤¤¡C¡]¤Þ¦Û¦Ì·²º¸.ºÖ¬_¡AÁ{§ÉÂå¾Çªº½Ï¥Í¡A¢Þ¢²¢±¡^
¦Ó®ø¶OªÌ¦b¯Ê¥F¤@ºØ²{¥NÂå¾Çªº±M·~°V½m¤U¡A©Ò¥H¹ïÂå¾Ç±M·~»â°ìªºª¾ÃѬO¤@ºØªñ©óµLª¾ªºª¬ªp¡A¤]¥Ñ©ó¥H¤Wªºª¬ªpÅýÂåÀøªA°Èªº´£¨ÑªÌ»PÂåÀøªA°Èªº±µ¨üªÌ¡A³o
¨âªÌ¶¡¹ïÂåÀøªA°Èªºª¾ÃѲ£¥Í¤F¤@ºØ·¥¤jªº®t²§¡CPauly(1978)§Y¯S§O±j½Õ¡A®ø¶OªÌµLª¾(consumer
ignorance)¬OÂåÀø«O°·ªA°È»P¨ä¥Lª««~¤§闁³Ì¤jªº®t²§©Ò¦b¡C
¢³.
¥~³¡©Ê(Externality)¡Ð¤£¦PªºÓÅ餧¶¡¦bÂåÀø«O°·ªºªA°È®ø¶O¤W¦³¤@ºØ®ø¶O¤Wªº¬Û¤¬¨Ì¦s©Ê(interdependence)¡A¸gÀپǺٳoºØ®ø¶O¤Wªº¬Û¤¬¨Ì¦s¬°¥~³¡©Ê¡C¦Ó¥~³¡©Ê¥i¤À¬°¨âºØ¡Atªº¥~³¡©Ê(negative
externality)«üªº¬O¤@Ó¤Hªº®ø¶O¦æ¬°·|´î¤Ö¨ä¥L¤Hªº®ø¶Oº¡¨¬µ{«×¡C¥¿ªº¥~³¡©Ê(positive
externality)«üªº¬O¤@Ó¤Hªº®ø¶O¦æ¬°¤]·|¼W¥[¨ä¥L¤Hªº®ø¶Oº¡¨¬µ{«×¡A³o»P¤Wz°Q½×ªº¬Û¤Ï¡C³y¦¨tªº¥~³¡©Ê¥Dnªº¦]¯À¬°¦@¦P¥«³õªº¤£¦s¦b©ÎªÌºÙ¬°²³¤H¦@¦³ªº°]ª«¡C¨Ò¦p¡AªÅ®ð¡A¤ô¸ê·½ªºÀô¹Ò¡A³o¨Ç³£¬O²³¤H©Ò¦@¦P¾Ö¦³ªº¡C¦Ó³y¦¨¥¿ªº¥~³¡©Êªº®ÄªG¥Dnì¦]¬O¸ê·½µLªk²£¥Í±Æ¥¦ªº®ÄªG©Î¬OµLªk¥h«O»Ù¸ê·½ªº©Ò¦³Åv¡C¦Ó¹ï³oºØ¥~³¡©Êªº®ÄªG¦³¤U¦C´XºØ¸É±Ïªº¿ìªk¡A²Ä¤@ºØ¥i¥H½á¤©¸ê·½Ó§Oªº©Ò¦³Åv¡F²Ä¤GºØ¬F©²±Ä¨ú½Òµ|ªº¤â¬q¡A¨Ã¥B±N¤Wz¥~³¡©Êªº®ÄªG±N¨ä¤º³¡¤Æ¡F²Ä¤TºØ¬F©²ª½±µ¹ï©ó¸ê·½¥»¨¤©¥HºÞ¨î¡C
¢´.
¬F©²ªº¤z¹w(Government
Intervention)¡Ð°ò©óÂåÀøªA°È¦s¦bªº¯S®í©Ê¡A¨Ï±o¬F©²¬Û¹ï©óÂåÀø«O°·ªA°Èªº¥«³õ·|±Ä¨ú³\¦h¤z¹wªº±¹¬I¡C²z¥Ñ·|¤À¬°¨âºØ¡A¤@¬°¬F©²³z¹L°õ·Óªº¨î«×»P±M·~Âå¾Ç±Ð¨|¾i¦¨ªººÞ¨î¡A¥ø¹Ï¨Ó´î§CÂåÀøªA°Èªº®ø¶OªÌ©Ò²£¥Íªº¤£½T©w©Ê¡A¹ê¦æ¤@ºØÃþ¦üÂå®vÃÒ·Óªº«~ºÞ¼Ò¦¡¡A²¨¥¤§¡A¥Ñ¬F©²®i¶}¤@ºØÂå³N¼Ð·Ç¤Æªº°Ê§@¡C²Ä¤G«h¬°ÂåÀø«O°·ªºªA°È¨ã¦³¤½¦@°]¤Î®í»ù°]ªºÄÝ©Ê¡A¨Ï³\¦hÂåÀø«O°·ªA°È¥«³õ±Á{¤F¥«³õ¥¢ÆFªº²{¶H¡CHsiao(1995)¥ç±j½ÕÂåÀø«O°·ªA°È¦³³\¦hºØÃþ¡A¨Ï¨ä¦P®É²[»\¨p¦³°](private
goods)¡B¤½¦@°](public goods)»P®í»ù°](merit goods)¤TÃþ«¬¡C
¢µ.
«DÀç§Q©Ê¼t°Ó(nonprofit
firms)§êºtªº¨¤¦â¡ÐArrow(1963)¦b¬ã¨s¤¤Åã¥Ü¥X¤@¯ë®ø¶OªÌ¹ïÂåÀø´£¨ÑªÌªº´Á±æ»P¹ï¨ä¥LÃþ«¬ªº¥ø·~¦æ¬°ªº´Á±æ¬O¦³µÛ¬Û·í¤jªº®t²§¡C¦Ó¥B¦bÂåÀø«O°·ªA°Èªº¥«³õ¤¤¦s¦bµÛ³\¦h«DÀç§Q©Êªº¼t°Ó¡A¦Ó³o¨Ç«DÀç§Qªº¼t°Ó¥²¶·¥Î¨ä¥Lªº¤èªk¨Ó¸ÑÄÀ¨äÀç§Q¦æ¬°¡C¦b¤@¯ëªº»{ª¾¤U¡AÂåÀø±M·~ªº¨Æ·~¬O¤@ºØ§U¤Hªº¨Æ·~¡A¨ÃÀ°§U§O¤H¸Ñ°£¨¤Wªº¯fµh¡A©Ò¥H´¶¹M»{¬°ÂåÀø´£¨ÑªÌ³q±`§t¦³¹D¼wªº¦â±m¡C
³z¹L¥H¤Wªº°Q½×¡A¥i¥Hµo²{ÂåÀø²£·~»P¥LºØ²£·~ªº¸gÀÙ¬¡°Ê¤§²§¦P³B¡C
ÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î»P¹wºâ¥i¯à½u
¦b¸gÀپǪº²z½×¤¤³q±`³£·|¦³¤@Ó©T©wªº°²³] ¢w
Ó¤H³£·|¥h°l¨D¹ï¦Û¤v¦Ó¨¥¨ã³Ì¤j®Ä¥Îªº¦æ¬°¡C¸gÀپǫh¥H³oºØ¦Û§Q¦æ¬°ªº°Ê¾÷¨Ó§@¬°¸ÑÄÀ¤HÌ¿ï¾Ü³Ì¤j®Ä¥Î®Éªº¨Mµ¦°ò¦¡A³o¼Ëªº¤@ºØ³Ì¤j®Ä¥Îªº¨Mµ¦¼Ò¦¡¬Ò¾A¥Î©óÂåÀø´£¨ÑªÌ¤ÎÂåÀø±µ¨üªÌ¨¤W¡C¬°¤F»¡©ú³o¼Ëªº¤@Ó½×ÂI¡A¦b¥H¤Uªº°Q½×¸Ì±N§Q¥Î¸gÀپDzz½×¤¤ªºµL²§¦±½u¤ÀªRªk¤Î¹wºâ½uªº¼Ò¦¡¨Ó°Q½×®Ä¥Î·¥¤j»P®ø¶OªÌ¨Mµ¦¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y¡C
µL²§¦±½uªº·N¸q¤Î¯S©Ê
µL²§¦±½u¤ÀªRªk¬O1934¦~^°ê¸gÀپǮa§Æ§J´µ(John
R. Hicks, 1904-)»P¨ÈÛ(R.G.D. Allen, 1906-1983)¦@¦Pµo®i¥X¨Óªº¡AµL²§¦±½uªº°ò¥»Æ[©À¤D¬O®Ä¥Î¥un±Æ¤j¤p¡B¤£¥²½×¨äµ´¹ïÈ¡]±i²M·Ëµ¥¡A1991¡^¡C®ø¶OµL²§¦±½u(consumption
indifference curve)²ºÙµL²§¦±½u¡A¬O«ü®ø¶OªÌ¦b¨ä¤wª¾ªº°¾¦n©³¤U¡AÁʶR¨âºØ¤£¦Pªº²£«~¡A¥i°w¹ï¤£¦Pªº²Õ¦X¿ï¾Ü¦Ó²£¥Í¬Û¦Pªº®Ä¥Îº¡¨¬¡A¦¹¤£¦P®ø¶O²Õ¦X¹ï®ø¶OªÌ¦Ó¨¥±NµL°¾¦n®t²§¡A¦¹¹ï®ø¶OªÌ²£¥Í¬Û¦P®Ä¥Îº¡¨¬¤§¨âºØ²£«~¤£¦P²Õ¦XÂIªºy¸ñºÙ¬°®ø¶OµL²§¦±½u¡F´«¨¥¤§¡AµL²§¦±½u«Y«ü¦b¬Y¤@¬q´Á¶¡¤º¡A®ø¶OªÌ¬°ºû«ù¤@Ó¬Û¦Pªº®Ä¥Î¤ô·Ç¤§¤U¡AÁʶR¨âºØ¤£¦Pªº²£«~¨ä¦UºØ¤£¦P²Õ¦X©Ò§Î¦¨ªºy¸ñ¡C³oÓ©w¸q°²³]®ø¶OªÌªº°¾¦n¬O¤wª¾¡B©T©wªº¡AµL²§¦±½uªº§Îª¬¤~¯à½T©w¡CµL²§¦±½u¨ã¦³¤U¦C¤§¯S©Ê¡G
1.
µL²§¦±½uªº±×²v¬Otªº¡C
2.
¥ô¨â±øµL²§¦±½u¤¬¤£¬Û¥æ¡C
3.
¥ô¦ó¤@ÂI¥²¦³¤@±øµL²§¦±½u¤¬¤£¬Û¥æ¡C
4.
µL²§¦±½uªº§Îª¬¬O¥Y¦VìÂI¡C(convex
to the origin)
¨ä¤¤¾î¶b¥Nªí¢æ°]³f¡]¦p°w¾¯¡^ªº»Ý¨D¶q¡AÁa¶b¥Nªí¢ç°]³f¡]¦pÃľ¯¡^ªº»Ý¨D¶q¡A¨â¶b©Òºc¦¨ªº¢æ¡Ð¢ç¥±ºÙ¤§¬°²£«~ªÅ¶¡(commodity
space)¡C¦b²£«~ªÅ¶¡¸Ì¡A¥ô¦ó¤@±ø¥Ñ¥ª¤W¦V¥k¤U¶É±×ªº¦±½u¡A¬Ò¥Nªí¬Û¦P®Ä¥Î¤ô·Ç¤§¨âºØ²£«~²Õ¦Xªºy¸ñ¡A´N¬O®ø¶OªÌªº®ø¶OµL²§¦±½u¡C³\¦h±ø§Îª¬¬Û¦PªºµL²§¦±½u¡Ðªí¥Ü°¾¦n¤@©w¡Ð§Yºc¦¨µL²§¦±½u¹Ï(indifference
map)¡CµL²§¦±½u¹Ïªº¯S©Ê¬O¹Ï¤¤¨C¤@±øµL²§¦±½u¤À§O¥Nªí¤£¦Pªº®Ä¥Î¤ô·Ç¡A¦Ó¦ì¸m·U°ª¡B·U¥k¤W¤èªºµL²§¦±½uªí¥Ü²£«~²Õ¦X©Ò¥]§tªº²£«~¼Æ¶q·U¦h¡A®Ú¾Ú°¾¦n¨ç¼Æ¡A¨ä¥Nªíªº®Ä¥Î¤ô·Ç¤]´N·U¤j¡C¨Ò¦p¡AµL²§¦±½u¢×¢°ªº¢àÂI¬O¢¯¢ç¢°»P¢¯¢æ¢°¼Æ¶qªº²£«~²Õ¦X¡FµL²§¦±½u¢×¢±ªº¢áÂI¬O¢¯¢ç¢±»P¢¯¢æ¢±¼Æ¶qªº²£«~²Õ¦X¡A¢¯¢ç¢±¡Ö¢¯¢ç¢°¡A¢¯¢æ¢±¡Ö¢¯¢æ¢°¡A©Ò¥H¢×¢±ªº®Ä¥Î¤j©ó¢×¢°¡C
µL²§¦±½u¬Oªí²{®ø¶OªÌ¹ï©ó¤£¦P²£«~¤§°¾¦n²Õ¦X¡AµM¦ÓµL²§¦±½u¶È¯à³æ¯Â¦a¤Ï¬M®ø¶OªÌ¥DÆ[ªº°¾¦n¡AY·Q¶i¤@¨Bª¾¹D®ø¶OªÌªº®ø¶O¦æ¬°¡A«h¥²¶·¦P®É¦Ò¼{¨ä©Ò±o¡]I¡^»Pª««~ªº¥«³õ»ù®æ¡]P¡^¡C¦p¦¹¡A®ø¶OªÌ¦b¦Ò¼{¥«³õªº»ù®æ»P¥LÓ¤Hªº©Ò±o±ø¥ó¤U¡A¬°°l¨D³Ì¤j®Ä¥Î©Ò°µªº¿ï¾Ü¡A¥¿¬O¨å«¬ªº®ø¶OªÌ¦æ¬°¡C®ø¶OªÌªº©Ò±o¨î±ø¥ó¥i¼g¦¨¤U¦¡¡G
¢Þ¢æ¡E¢æ¡Ï¢Þ¢ç¡E¢ç¡Ø¢×
¥ç§Y¡A®ø¶OªÌ¹ï¢æ¡B¢ç¨âª««~ªºÁ`¤ä¥X¤£¯à¶W¹L¨ä©Ò±o(¢×)¡C¦Ó´N¨äµ¥¦¡¦Ó¨¥¡]¢Þ¢æ¡E¢æ¡Ï¢Þ¢ç¡E¢ç¡Ø¢×¡^¡A«h¥iµe¥X¤@±øª½½u¨Ó¡AºÙ¬°¹wºâ½u(budget
line)¡A¥ç¥iºÙ¬°®ø¶O¥i¯à½u(consumption possibility line)©Î»ù®æ½u(price
line)¡C ´«¨¥¤§¹wºâ½uªí¥Ü¦b¬Y¤@Ó»ù®æ¤ô·Ç»P©Ò±o¤ô·Ç¤U¡A®ø¶OªÌ¦³¯à¤O¥i¥H¿ï¾Üªº½d³ò¡C
¡@
¡@
¡@
Y±N¥H¤W¹Ï¢°»P¹Ï¢±©Ò¾É¥XªºµL²§¦±½u»P¹wºâ½u¬Ûµ²¦X¡A¥i¥H§@¥X¥H¤Uªº¸ÑÄÀ¡G
µL²§¦±½u¦b§¹¥þ¤£¨ü©Ò±o»P»ù®æªº¼vÅT¤U¡A¥Nªíªº¬O®ø¶OªÌ¥DÆ[ªº³ß¦n¡A¦Ó¨C¤@±øµL²§¦±½u½u¤Wªº¥ô¤@ÂI®Ä¥Î¬Ò¬Û¦P¡A¦ý·U©¹¥k¤W¤èªº®Ä¥Î·U°ª¡A¦]¦¹¦b®ø¶OªÌ¹wºâ½d³ò¤º¡A®Ä¥Î³Ì¤jªº¿ï¾Ü¬O¦b¹Ï¢²ªº¢ÐÂI¡]¢ÐÂI¬°¢×¢±»P¹wºâ½uªº¬Û¤ÁÂI¡^
µù¡G¦b¹Ï¢°¡B¢±¡B¢²ªº°Q½×¸Ì¡A¥»¬ã¨s°²©w¢æª««~»P¢çª««~ªº»ù®æ¬O©T©w¤£Åܪº¡C
¦b¥»¬ã¨s¤¤¡Aµ§ªÌ¸Õ¹Ï±NÂåÀøªA°È®ø¶OªÌ¡B»PÂåÀøªA°È´£¨ÑªÌ¦b¿ï¾ÜÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î®Éªº¨Mµ¦¼Ò¦¡¡A©â¶H¤Æ¦¨¸gÀپǤ¤ªº¹wºâ½u¡B®ø¶O¥i¯à½u·§©À(consumption
possibility line)¡C¹ï©ó¤@ÓµL¥ô¦ó°Ñ¥[«OÀIªº¤H¦Ó¨¥¡A¨ä®ø¶O¥i¯à½u¬OÀHµÛÓ¤H¸gÀÙ¯à¤O¡A¦Ó§e²{¥XÅܰʪº±¡ªp¡C¦ý¬OY¥H¤w°Ñ¥[¥þ¥Á°·±d«OÀIªº¥Á²³¬°¨Ò¡A«h¸Ó¥Á²³ªº¹wºâ½u¡A«K§e²{¤@ºØÀH°·«Oµ¹¥I¦Ó³]©w¡A©T©w¦¡¹wºâ½u¡C¦p¤U¹Ï4¤Î¹Ï5©Ò¥Ü
¡@
¡]ÀHÓ¤H¸gÀÙ¯à¤O²£¥Í§ïÅܪº¹wºâ½u¡A¦]¦¹³Ì¤j®Ä¥Îªº¤ÁÂI«K¥i¯àÅܦ¨A©ÎC¡C¡^
¡@
¡@
¡]°²©w©T©w¯e¯f¥þ¥Á°·«OÄ@·N¤ä¥I¼Ð·Ç¬°B¡A«h°Ñ¥[¸Ó«OÀIªº¨C¤@¦ì¥Á²³ªº¹wºâ½u¬Ò¬°B¡C¬O¤@ºØ©T©w¦¡¹wºâ½u¡^
¡@
³z¹L¤Wzªº°Q½×¡A¥»¬ã¨s§Æ±æ¯à¹ïÂåÀøªA°Èªº§Q¥Î¨Mµ¦¼Ò¦¡¡A´£¨Ñ¥t¤@Ó¸ÑÄÀªº¥i¯à¼Ò¦¡¡A¨Ã¯à³z¹L³oÓ¹wºâ½u·§©À¡A¯à¼W±j¦b¸ÑÄÀ¹ï¦Ñ¤HÂåÀøªA°È¸ê·½§Q¥Î®Éªº¨Mµ¦¼Ò¦¡¡C
¸ê¥»µ²ºc«¬ºA
¦Ñ¤H¸gÀٸꥻ¡]economics
capital¡^»PÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î
Max
Weber¦b¡m¸gÀÙ¦æ°Ê»PªÀ·|¹ÎÅé¡n¤@®Ñ¤¤«ü¥X¡u¸ê¥»°]°_¥ýªº¨å«¬¡A¬O¥H¦a°Ï¶¡©ÎºØ±Ú¶¡³Q¥æ´«ªº°Ó«~¡A¬°¨äµÞªÞªº«¬ºA¥X²{¡C¡v¦Ó¦bPierre
Bourdieu¦´Áªº½×z¸Ì©Ò©w¸qªº¸ê¥»¡A«h¬°¸gÀپǤ¤©Ò»{ª¾ªº¸ê¥»§ÎºA¡A´«¨¥¤§¡A«Y«ü¥i¥Hª½±µ©ÎªÌ¶¡±µ¸m´«¦¨³f¹ôªº¤@ºØ¸ê¥»«¬ºA¡C´NKarl
Marx¦b¡m¸ê¥»½×¡n©Ò´£¤§Æ[ÂI¦Ó¨¥¡A¸gÀٸꥻ¥i»¡¬O¡u³f¹ô§Î¦¡¡A°N¬O¥R·í°Ó«~¥æ´«ªº´C¤¶¡A°Ó«~©M³f¹ô³o¤GªÌ¶È¶È¬Oɲȥ»¨ªº¤£¦P¦s¦b¤è¦¡¡G³f¹ô¬O¥¦ªº¤@¯ë¦s¦b¤è¦¡¡A°Ó«~¬O¥¦ªº¯S®íªº¤]¥i¥H»¡°N¬O¤Æ¤F§©ªº¦s¦b¤è¦¡¡CɲȤ£Â_¦a±q¤@Ïú§Î¦¡Âà¤Æ¬°¥t¤@Ïú§Î¦¡¡A¦b³oÓ¹B°Ê¤¤¥Ã¤£®ø¥¢¡A±q¦ÓÅܦ¨¤@Ӧ۰ʪº¥DÊ^¡C¦pªG§â¼W´Þ¤¤ªºÉ²È¦b¨ä¥Í¬¡ªº´`Àô¤¤¥æ´Àªö¨úªº¦UÏú¯S®íªí²{§Î¦¡©T©w¤U¨Ó¡A´N±o¥X³o¼Ëªº»¡©ú¡G¸ê¥»¬O³f¹ô¡A¸ê¥»¬O°Ó«~¡C¡v¡]Marx,
1864¡^¡CRadner¡]1992, 1994¡^ªº¤ÀªR¤¤´¿«ü¥X¡A¦pªGn¯U¹iªº©w¸q¸gÀÙ¦¬¤J¡]income¡^¡A«h¥i¥Hµø¬°¤@ºØ¦b½áµ|¨î«×¤Uªº³f¹ô«¬ºA¦¬¤J¥~¨ä¥L§ÎºAªº¸gÀÙ¦¬¤J¡CBaker(1967)ªº¬ã¨s¤¤¦Ò¼{¼vÅTÂåÀø»Ý¨Dªº¦]¯À¥]¬A¡Ð¸gÀÙ¡B©Ê§O¡B¦~ÄÖ¡B±Ð¨|¡B¦a°Ï§O¡B¯e¯f²v¡B¤H¤f¦¨ªø¡C¨äµ²½×¡G¯e¯f¡]¥H¨C¤H¦]¯f©Ò·l¥¢ªº¤u§@¤Ñ¼Æ¬°¼Ð·Ç¡^¼vÅT¬Ý¯f¦¸¼Æ³Ì¦h¡A¸gÀÙª¬ªp¦¸¤§¡A¦~ÄÖ¡B±Ð¨|¡B©~¦í¦a¸û¤Ö¡C
¦¹¥~¡ATsai
and Liu(1997)±Ä¥Î¥xÆW¬Ù®a®xpµe¬ã¨s©Ò©ó¥Á°ê¤C¤Q¤K¦~»P¤K¤Q¤G¦~©Ò½Õ¬d¤§¡u¦Ñ¤H°·±d»P¥Í¬¡ª¬ªp½Õ¬d¡v¨â¦~ªºÁa¾î±¸ê®Æ¡AÅçÃÒ°·±d«OÀI¹ï¦Ñ¤Hªù¶E§Q¥Îªº¼vÅT¡C¹êÃÒµ²ªGµo²{¡A«OÀI¹ï©ó¬Ý¯f¾÷²v·|¦³¥¿¦V¥BÅãµÛªº¼vÅT¡AµM¦Ó«o¨S¦³ÅãµÛªºÃÒ¾Ú»{©w«OÀI¹ï¤w´N¶E¯f¤H¬Ý¯f¦¸¼Æ¦³¼vÅT¡A¹ï¬Ý¯f¦¸¼Æ¦³¼vÅTªº¬O¦Ñ¤Hªº°·±d¡CArling(1985)¥H°·±d¡B¨Åé¥\¯à»Ùê¤Î¸gÀÙª¬ªp¤§¶¡ªº¥æ¤¬§@¥Î±´°Q¹ï¦Ñ¤Hªù¶EªA°È§Q¥Îªº¼vÅT¡C°ê¤ºªL²QÒ²(1990)ªº¹êÃÒ¬ã¨s¤¤¡A«h§Q¥Î¤ÀªRªÀ·|¸gÀÙ¶¥¼h¨Ó±´°Q¹ï°·±dªº¼vÅT¡Aµ²ªGÅã¥Ü¡A¦b±±¨îµ´¹ï©Ò±o»P°·±d¦æ¬°«á¡AªÀ·|¸gÀÙ¶¥¼h¶V°ªªÌ¡A°·±dª¬ªp¤]¶V¦n¡A¥Ñ¦¹¥iª¾¡AªÀ·|¸gÀÙ¶¥¼h¤]·|³z¹L¤@¨ÇÆ[¹î¤£¨ìªº¦]¯À¨Ó¼vÅT°·±d¡C
ºî¦X¥H¤W¾ÇªÌ¤§Æ[ÂI¡A¸gÀٸꥻ¨Ã¨S¦³¤@Ó¨ãÅ骺§Î¦¡¡A¥¦ÂǥѥͲ£ªº¦UºØ¤£¦P¦]¯À¡]¦p¤g¦a¡B¸ê¥»¡B³Ò¤O¤Î¥ø·~®aºë¯«µ¥¡^¡B¸gÀÙ°]²£¡B¦UºØ¦¬¤J¤Î¦UºØ¸gÀÙ§Q¯q©Ò²Õ¦X¦Ó¦¨ªº¡A¥i±N¤§µø¬°¬°¤@ºØ¥R·í°Ó«~¥æ©öªº´C¤¶¡C¦Ó¸gÀÙ¶¥¼h·U°ªªÌ¡A³q±`¨ä°·±dª¬ªp¬Û¹ï©ó¸gÀÙ¶¥¼h¸û§CªÌ¦n¡C¦b¥»¬ã¨s¤¤±N¦³µL°Ñ¥[«OÀI¥çµø¬°¸gÀٸꥻªº¤@³¡¥÷¡A°Ñ¥[«OÀIªÌ¸ûµL°Ñ¥[«OÀIªÌ¸gÀٸꥻ¨Ó±o¸û°ª¡C
¦Ñ¤H¤å¤Æ¸ê¥»¡]cultural
tapital¡^»PÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î
¤å¤Æ¸ê¥»¤´¬OPierre
Bourdieu³Ì¬°Ãö¤ßªº®Ö¤ß½×z¤§¤@¡ABourdieu»{¬°¤å¤Æ¸ê¥»¥H¤TºØ§Î¦¡¦s¦b¡G¤@¡B¨Åé¤Æªº«¬ºA¡A¨ÃÅé²{©óÓ¤H¨¤ß¤¤®Ú²`¸¦©Tªº©Ê±¡¶É¦V¤¤¡A²¨¥¤§¡A¬°¤@ºØªø´Á¦s¦b©óÓ¤H¨¤ß¤¤ªº¤@ºØªÃ©Ê¡C¤G¡B«ÈÅé¤Æªº§Î¦¡¡A¬O¦s¦bÅé²{©ó¤å¤Æ¥Î«~¡]cultural
goods¡^¤¤¡C¤T¡B¨î«×¤Æªº«¬ºA¡AÅé²{©ó¯S©wªºµ²ºc¨î«×¤U¡A¦p¡G±Ð¨|¬ÛÃöªºª¾ÃѸê®æ»{©w¡A¦p¡G¦U¦¡ªº¤å¾Ì¤Î»{ÃÒ¡]·í¥N¦è¤èªÀ·|²z½×P284¡^¡C¤£¹L¹ïPierre
Bourdieu¦Ó¨¥¡A¥L¬Û·í¤Ï¹ïµ²ºc¦¡©Î¹êÃÒ¥D¸q¦¡ªº©w¸q¡AY¥H¤ÀªRªº¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A¥H¥ô¦ó§Î¦¡¦s¦bªº¸ê¥»¡A¬Ò¬O¥²¶·¦b©T©wªº³õ°ì¤§¤º¤~¯à²£¥Í¬Û²ÅÀ³ªº®ÄÀ³¡A¦Ü©ó¦ó¿×³õ°ìªº·§©À©O¡H§ÚÌ¥i¥H·Q¹³¬°¤@Ó¹ê¬I³õ®ÄÀ³ªºªÅ¶¡¡A¦Ó³õªº¬É½u¡A§Y¦b©ó³õªº®ÄÀ³²×¤îªº¦a¤è¡]¤Þ¦Û¥]À³©úĶ¡A1997¡^¡C
¦]¦¹³õ°ìªº¬É©w¡A¨Ã¤£¬O¤@Ó¹êÅ骺ªÅ¶¡¡A¥çµL¤@Óª«²z¾Ç©w¸q¤Wªº¬ì¾Ç½d³ò¡A¯Âºé¬O¨M©w©ó³õ°ìªº®ÄÀ³¶}©l»Pµ²§ôªº½d³ò¡C±q¥H¤Wªº°Q½×¤¤¥i¥Hµo²{¡A¤@ºØ¸ê¥»¦s¦b©ó»P¨ä¬Û¹ïÀ³ªº³õ°ì¤§¤º¡A¤Ï¤§«h¤£¦s¦b¡C¦¹¥~¦p¦P¡]English,
Fenwick;2002¡^¬ã¨s¤¤«ü¥X¡A¦b¬ü¦¡ªº±Ð¨|©³¤U¡AÁöµM±Ð¨|ªÌ³q±`¬O«ù¤¤¥ßªº¥ß³õ¡A¦ý¬O¹êÃÒ¬ã¨sÃÒ©ú¡A¾Ö¦³¤å¤Æ¸ê¥»ªº¾Ç¥Í¡A¦b¨äÓ¤H¦¨´N¤W¤´²£¥Í¬Û·í¥¿¦Vªº®ÄÀ³¡C¦Ó¡]¶À¼Ý§Ó83.5¡^©Ò«üºÙBourdieuªº¤å¤Æ¸ê¥»¤D¬O¡A°ÑÆ[¬ü³NÀ]¡B¾ú¥v¥jÂÝ¡B¨ì¼@°|ªY½àªº§Î¦¡¤å¤Æµ¥¡A¬O¤@ºØ¬Û·í¯U¸qªº¤å¤Æ·§©À
¥Ñ©ó¥»¬ã¨s©Ò±Ä¥Îªº°Ý¨÷¬°½Ã¥Í¸p®a®xpµe¬ã¨s©Ò¡]쬰¥xÆW¬Ù®a®xpµe¬ã¨s©Ò¡^1989¦~»P1993¦~ªº¡u¥xÆW¦a°Ï¦Ñ¤H«O°·»P¥Í¬¡°ÝÃD½Õ¬d¡v¡A¥H¤Î1996¦~ªº¡u¥xÆW¦a°Ï¤¤¦Ñ¦~«O°·»P¥Í²P³W¹º½Õ¬d¡v¦]¦¹¥»¬ã¨s¤¤¯à±q°Ý¨÷¤¤©Ò±Ä¥ÎªºÅܶµ¬Û·í¦³¬GÃö©ó¤å¤Æ¸ê¥»ªº·§©ÀÀÀ¼È¥B°²©w¬°«ÈÅé¤Æªº§Î¦¡¡A¬O¦s¦bÅé²{©ó¤å¤Æ¥Î«~¡]cultural
goods¡^»P¨î«×¤Æªº«¬ºA¡AÅé²{©ó¯S©wªºµ²ºc¨î«×¤U¦p¡GÓ¤H±Ð¨|¦~»Pª½¨t¿ËÄݱШ|µ{«×¡B¬O§_¾Ö¦³¤å¤Æ¶Ç»¼°Ó«~¦p¹qµø¡B¦¬µ¾÷µ¥¡C
¦ÓÃö©ó¦Ñ¤H¤å¤Æ¸ê¥»»P»PÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Îªº¬ÛÃö¬ã¨s¡A¸g¾ã²z«á¦³Mechanic(1979)¡BSuchman(1966)¡Btorresgil(1977)»{¬°¦Ñ¦~¤H¹ï°·±dªº«H©À¤ÎºA«×»PÂåÀøªA°Èªº»Ý¨D¦³¥¿¦VªºÃö«Y¡CAndersen(1976)¡BBerki
and Kobashigawa(1976)¡BWard(1977)¥ç»{¬°ªÀ¸g¦a¦ì»P´N¶E¦¸¼Æ¦³¥¿¬ÛÃö¡A°]°È±¡ªp·U¦n¤Î¸û¨ãÂåÀøª¾ÃѪº¤H¡A¹ïÂåÀøªA°Èªº»Ý¨D·U¦h¡C´N±ßªñ¦Ó¨¥«h¦³Wolinskyµ¥(1991)¡ALeclereµ¥(1994)¡A§d²Qãµ¥(1994)ªº¬ã¨sµo²{¡A±Ð¨|µ{«×¸û°ªªÌªù¶EªA°È¨Ï¥Î¦¸¼Æ¸û¦h¡AªL®c¬ü(1992)ªº¬ã¨sÅã¥Ü±Ð¨|µ{«×·U°ªªÌ¡Aªì¨B´NÂå¸û·|¥h¬ÝÂå¥Í¡A¦ý±Ð¨|µ{«×¹ï¦í°|ªA°È§Q¥Îªº¼vÅT¤j¦h¤£ÅãµÛ¡C¦¹¥~¡AAndersenµ¥(1987)ªº¬ã¨sµo²{¡A°ªªÀ·|¶¥¼hªÌ¤§ªì¦¸´N¶E»P½Æ¶E¾÷²v³£¸û°ª¡C±äñüùÚ
(1991)¹êÃÒµ²ªGµo²{¡A®ø¶OªÌ©Ò¾Ö¦³ªº°·±d¸ê°Tµ{«×¹ï´NÂå¾÷²v¤Î´NÂå¸ê·½¦h¹è§¡¦³ÅãµÛªº¼vÅT¡C
ºî¦X¥H¤W¬ÛÃö¬ã¨s¤ÀªRÅã¥Ü¡AÂåÀøªA°È®ø¶OªÌªº±Ð¨|µ{«×¡A©M®ø¶OªÌ¹ï°·±d¸ê°Tªº´x´¤µ{«×¡A¹ï©ó®ø¶OªÌ¦b§Q¥ÎÂåÀøªA°È®É¬Ò¦³¥¿¦VªºÅÞ¿è¬ÛÃö¡C
ªÀ·|¸ê¥»¡]social
capital¡^»PÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î
´N±ßªñ¦Ó¨¥¡A¤H¤O¸ê¥»¬O¤@ºØªÀ·|¸ê¥»§ó¦¨¼ôªºÆ[©À¡A¤j¬ù¦b20¥@¬ö¤¤´Á¤§«áªº¤H¤O¸ê¥»¡Aµ¥¦P©ó¤@Ó¨ã³Æ¥Í²£°]³f¤ÎªA°Èªº¯à¤O¤Î§Þ³Nª¾ÃѪº¤H
(Bullock, Stallybrass, & Trombley, 1988, p. 106)¡C¤£¹LY±q¥j¨åªÀ·|²z½×ªº¯ßµ¸¨Ó¹ïªÀ·|¸ê¥»³oÓ·§©À¶i¦æ¤ÀªR¡A«h¥i¥Hµo²{¦b20¥@¬ö¥½´Á®É¡A¾ÇªÌ¹ïªÀ·|¸ê¥»·§©À¶i¦æ¬É©w®É¡A³q±`»{¬°©Ò¿×ªºªÀ·|¸ê¥»¬O¤@ºØ¸òÓÅé¤H»Úºôµ¸¬ÛÃöªº¸ê·½¡C²¨¥¤§¡A§Y¬OÓÅé¯à¨Ï¥Î¨ä¥LÓÅ骺¸ê·½ªº¤@ºØ¯à¤O¡A¦ý¦¹ºØ¯à¤O¬O©MÓÅ骺ºôµ¸Ãö«Y¦³µÛ±K¤Áªº¬ÛÃö¡C(Portes,
1998; Wall, Ferrazzi, & Schryer, 1998¡]Portes, A. (1998).
°ê¥~¾ÇªÌ¥çµo²{¡A¥t¥~¤@Ó¼vÅT¦Ñ¤H°·±dª¬ºA¤§«n¦]¯À¬°¡A¬O§_¯àÄ~Äò¿W¥ß¦a¦í¦bªÀ°Ï¡]Kane
et al¡D,1985;Spector¡A1990¡^¡C
¦¹¥~¡A¥ç¦³¬ã¨sµo²{¦Ñ¤HªÀ·|Ãö«Y¼W¥[ªºµ{«×»P¦Ñ¤Hªº¨¤ß°·±d¦³¥¿¦VªºÅÞ¿è¬ÛÃö¡C¡]Berkman
¡®Breslow¡A1983;Broadhead et al¡D,1988;Seeman et al¡D,1993¡^
¦Ó¾G´f¬Â(2000)ªº¬ã¨s¤¤«h«ü¥X¡AªÀ·|¸ê¥»¼vÅT¥xÆW¦¨¤Hªº¦Ûµû°·±d¡A¨äµ²ªGµo²{¤H¤f¯S©Ê¡BÓ¤HªÀ¸g¦a¦ì»P¦Ûµû¨Åé°·±d¤Î¦Ûµû¥Í¬¡§Ö¼Ö¦³ÅãµÛ¬ÛÃö¡AµM¦Ó¦b±±¨î©Ê§O¡B¦~ÄÖ©MÓ¤HªÀ¸g¦a¦ì¡]¥H±Ð¨|µ{«×©M¦¬¤Jµ¥¯Å´ú¶q¡^«á¡Aµ²ªG¤´µMÅã¥ÜªÀ·|¸ê¥»¶V°ª¡AÓ¤Hªº¦Ûµû°·±d¶V¦n¡C¥t¥~¡AS²[´f(2001)ªº¬ã¨s¤¤«ü¥X¡A¨¤ß°·±d¡B¤é±`¥Í¬¡¬¡°Ê¯à¤O¡B¤ß²z¤ÎªÀ·|¤§°·±dª¬ªp¡BÀô¹Ò¦]¯À¡A¤ÎÓ¤H¤ß²z¦]¯À¤§¥Í¬¡¾AÀ³ª¬ªp©M¥Í¬¡º¡·N«×§e²{ÅãµÛ¥¿¬ÛÃö¡C
ºî¦X¥H¤W°Q½×¡A¥i¥H¤Ä°Ç¥XªÀ·|¸ê¥»ªº½ü¹ø¡AªÀ·|¸ê¥»«üºÙªº¬O¤@ºØÓ¤H©Ò¾Ö¦³ªºªø´Á©ÊÃö«Y©Êªººôµ¸¡A³oÓ¥ÑÓÅé©Ò¬Û¤¬¼ôÃѪº¨ä¥LÓÅé²Õ¦X¦Ó¦¨ªººôµ¸¡A·N¨ýµÛ³oÓÅé¦b¸Óºôµ¸¤¤¹ê»Ú©Ò¯à¤ä°t©Î§Q¥Îªº¸ê·½Á`¶q¡C¦P®É¹êÃÒµ²ªG¥çµo²{¡A¦b¤@¯ëªº±¡ªp¤U¡A³q±`¤@Ó¤H©Ò¾Ö¦³ªºªÀ·|¸ê¥»¶V¦h¡AÓ¤H·U®e©ö¾Ö¦³°·±dªº¨¤ß¡C¦b¥»¬ã¨s¤¤ÀÀ±N¤§·§©À¤Æ¬°¡]ªÀ·|ºôµ¸Ãö«Y¡^¤§µwÅé¡A§@¬°Âç²MªÀ·|¤ä«ù¨t²Î¦¹·§©À¡C
ªÀ·|¤ä«ù¨t²Î¡]social
support ¡^»PÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î
Cohen
&Syme(1985)
¤ÀªRª«½è©Ê¡B°T®§©Ê¤Î±¡ºü©Êµ¥¤TºØªÀ·|¤ä«ù¹ï©ó¯e¯fªº´_쪺¼vÅT¡Aµo²{´£¨Ñ¾A·íÂåÀø«O°·±`ÃÑ»P¦p¦ó¦]À³¯e¯f¹Dµ¥°T®§¡A¦³¯q©óÓ¤Hªº°·±d¦Ûµû»P¹ê»Úªº°·±dª¬ªp¡CCounteµ¥(1991)ªº¬ã¨s¥ç¬O±´°Q¥Í¬¡À£¤O»PªÀ·|¤ä«ùªº¥æ¤¬§@¥Î¹ï¦Ñ¤HÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Îªº¼vÅT¡C¦ÓCafferata(1987)ªº¬ã¨s¬O±ýÂç²M©~¦í¦w±Æ»P±B«Ãª¬ªp¹ï¦Ñ¤Hªù¶E»P¦í°|ªA°È§Q¥Îªº¼vÅT¡A¬O·½¦Û©ó©~¦í¦w±Æªº¤£¦P¡A©Ò¥H±±¨î©~¦í¦w±Æ«á±B«Ãª¬ªpªº¼vÅTÀ³¤£ÅãµÛ¡C¦¹¥~¡ACassidy(1996)ªº¬ã¨sÅã¥Ü¡A¹ï¥ð¶¡ªººA«×·U¥¿¦V¡B°Ñ»P¸gÅç·U¦hªÌ¡A¼~Æ{¤ÎµJ¼{ªº¶É¦V·U§C¡A¥B·|¦³¸û¨Î¤§¦Ûı°·±dª¬ªp¡C¥t¥~Wan(1987)ªº¬ã¨s«h±j½ÕªÀ·|¤ä«ù¡A¬O°·±dª¬ªp»PÂåÀøªA°È¨Ï¥Îªº¤¤¤¶¦]¤l¡A°ê¤ººµ¾åªÚ(1998)ªº¹êÃÒ¬ã¨s¤¤¡Aµo²{ªÀ·|¤ä«ù»P°·±dª¬ªp¨ã¦³¬ÛÃö©Ê¡AªÀ·|¤ä«ù¶q»P¦Ûµû°·±d§e²{¥¿¬ÛÃö¡C
¦ÓYuh Huey Jou; Fukada, Hiromi¦b¨ä¬ã¨s¤¤¡A°w¹ï¤é¥»¦a°Ï©â¨ú488¦ì¤j¾Ç¥Í¬°¼Ë¥»¡A±´°Q¨ä¥Í¬¡À£¤O¡BªÀ·|¤ä«ù»P°·±dª¬ªpªº¥æ¤¬Ãö«Y®É¡A¨äµ²ªGÅã¥Ü¦b¤é¥»ªº¤j¾Ç¾Ç¥Íªº°·±d©MªÀ·|ªº¤ä«ùªº¬Û¤¬¤§¶¡¡A¦³¥¿¦VªºÅÞ¿èÃö«Y¡C¨Ã¦b¨ä¤å³¹¤¤±NªÀ·|¤ä«ùªº·§©À¤À¬°¤U¦C¥|¶µ¡G
¤@¡B±¡ºü¤Wªº¤ä«ù¡]Emotional
Support¡^
1.·í§Ú¬O¥¢±æªº©Îı±o¼~·Tªº®ÉÔ,¦³¤H¹ªÀy§Ú
2.·í§Ú·Qn»¡¸Üªº®ÉÔ,Å¥§Ú»¡ªº¸Ü¡C{·í§Ú·Qn¨Ó»¡¸Üªº®ÉÔ,Å¥§Ú»¡ªº¸Ü¡C}
3.±µ¨ü¤£ºÞ§Úªº¥\ÁZ©M¹L¥¢ªº§Ú¡C¡]±j§§ªº©M®zÂI¡^
4.¯à¤F¸Ñ§Ú©Î²z¸Ñ§Úªº¦æ¬°©Î·N¨£¡C
5.ªí²{¥X¤ä«ù§ÚªººA«×©Î¦³¦P±¡¤ßªº¡C
6.¯à¦w¼¢§Ú·í§Úı±o¥¢±æªº©Î¼~·Tªº®ÉÔ¡C
¤G¡B¹ê½è¤Wªº¤ä«ù¡]Instrumental Support¡^
1.
¨ó§U§Ú³B²z¨C¤éªº¥Í¬¡¨Æ¥ó¡C
2.
¾A·í¦aÀ°§U§Ú³B²z°ÝÃD¡]Á|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A·í§Ú³Q¶Ç¬V·P«_ªº®ÉÔ¡^
3.
ɧڳ\¦h¿ú©Î´£¨Ñ§Úª÷¿ú¤Wªº¸ê§U
4.
·í§Ú¦³«æ¢»Ýnªº®ÉÔ,ɧڨ㦳¹ê»Ú»ùȪº¨Æª«¡C
5.
ºò«æªº®ÉÔ,´£¨Ñª÷¿ú¤Wªº´©§U¡C¡]¦p¤ä¥Iªº¯²ª÷¡^
6.
¯à¾A®É´£¨Ñ¤p¤pªºÀ°§U¡C
¤T¡BÄU§i¤Wªº¤ä«ù¡]Advice Support¡^
1.
µ¹¤©§Ú¦³Ãö«Ý¤H±µª«¤Wªº«ü¾É©ÎÄU§i¡C
2.
µ¹¤©§ÚÃö©ó¥Lªº¹L¥h¸gÅ笰°Ñ¦Ò¡C
3.
¨ó§U§Ú¥h§ä¾A·íªº¤H¨Ã¸Ñ¨M°ÝÃD¡C
¥|¡B¥æ½Ë¤ä«ù¡]Companionship Support¡^
1.
¯à¦³¬Û¤¬«Ø¥ß¤Í½Ëªº¾÷·|
2.
¥ð¾Í®É¯à¦³²á¤Ñ»¡¸Üªº¹ï¶H¡C
3.
¤@°_¥X¥~¹Cª±¡C
ºî¦X¥H¤W°ê¤º¥~ªº¹êÃÒ¬ã¨s«áµo²{¡AªÀ·|¤ä«ù¨t²Î¦b¦¹¡AÀÀ±N¤§·§©À¤Æ¬°¡]ªÀ·|ºôµ¸Ãö«Y¡^¤§³nÅé¡A¨Ã¥B¹ï©ó¦Ñ¤Hªº°·±d¦³µÛ¥¿¦V¥B«nªº¥\¥Î¡C
¦Ûµû°·±dª¬ªpªº´ú¶q»PÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î
¦b¤j³°¥Xª©ªº¡m½Ã¥Í¸gÀپǡn¤@®Ñ¤¤¡A¹ï©ó°·±d¤@µü¡A°µ¥X¤F¥H¤Uªº¬É©w¡u°·±d¤£¥u¬O¤@ÓÂå¾Çªº·§©À¡A¤]¬O¤@Ӥ߲z¾Ç¡BªÀ·|¾Ç¡B¸gÀپǪº·§©À¡B¤£¶È¶È¬O¤£¥Í¯f¡A¦Ó¬O«ü¨Åé¤W¤ß²z¤W»PªÀ·|¤Wªº§¹¦nª¬ºA¡C¡v¥t¥~¡A¥@¬É½Ã¥Í²Õ´©ó1948¦~¦¨¥ß®É¡A¥çµoªíÁn©ú«ü¥X¡u°·±d¬O¤@ºØ¨Åé¤W¡A»PªÀ·|¤Wªº§¹³Æª¬ºA¡A¦Ó¤£¥u¬O¨S¦³¯e¯f»Pµê®z²{¶H¡C¡v¦Ó¦b1998¦~1¤ë19¤éWHO©Ò¥l¶}ªº°õ¦æ²z¨Æ·|¤¤§ó¹ï©ó°·±d©w¸q´£¥X¤F¥H¤U×¥¿¡G¡u"Health is a state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity."¡v
¦Ó¤º¬F³¡½Ã¥Í¸p²Îp³Bµo§Gªº¸ê®ÆÅã¥Ü¡u´N±Ð¨|µ{«×¨¥¡A¤p¾Ç¥H¤W¦Ûı¥Ø«eªº°·±dª¬ªp§¡¥H¦n»P«D±`¦nªÌ¥e¦h¼Æ¡A¨Ì§Ç¤À§O¬°¤j¾Ç¤Î¥H¤WªÌ¥e69.47%¡B°ª¤¤(¾)ªÌ¥e61.48%¡B±M¬ìªÌ¥e60.26%¡B°ê(ªì)¤¤ªÌ¥e55.11%»P¤p¾ÇªÌ¥e45.61%
¡A¦¹¤@¼Æ¾ÚÅã¥Ü±Ð¨|µ{«×¸û°ª¤§°ê¥Á¥Ø«eªº°·±dª¬ªp¥ç¸û¨Î¡A¨ä¤¤¤j¾Ç¤Î¥H¤WªÌ¤ñ¤£ÃѦrªÌ§ó°ª¥X33.80ӦʤÀÂI¡C¡v¤Wz°Q½×Åã¥Ü¾Ç¾ú¸û°ªªº¥Á²³¸û¤£ÃѦrªº¥Á²³¡A¸û¯à²M·¡ªº´x´¤¨ä¦Û¨¨Å骬ªp¨Ã´N¦Ûµû°·±d¦Ó¨¥¾Ç¾ú¸û°ªªº¥Á²³¸û¤£ÃѦrªº¥Á²³¸û¨Î¡C
¦¹¥~´N°ê¤º¦Ñ¤H(¤»¤Q¤·³¥H¤W°ê¥Á)¥Ø«eªº°·±dª¬ªp¡A¥H¦n»P«D±`¦nªÌ³Ì¦h¥e41%¡A¨ä¦¸¬°´¶³qªÌ¥e37%¡A¦A¦¸¬°¤£¦n»P«D±`¤£¦nªÌ¥e22%¡C
¡u¤»¤Q¤·³¥H¤W°ê¥Á¥Ø«eªº°·±dª¬ªp¥H¦n»P«D±`¦nªÌ³Ì¦h¥e41.19%¡A¨ä¦¸¬°´¶³qªÌ¥e36.62%¡A¦A¦¸¬°¤£¦n»P«D±`¤£¦nªÌ¥e21.81%¡F¤¤Q¦Ü¤»¤Q¥|·³°ê¥Á¥Ø«eªº°·±dª¬ªp¥H¦n»P«D±`¦nªÌ³Ì¦h¥e52.89%¡A¨ä¦¸¬°´¶³qªÌ¥e33.47%¡A¦A¦¸¬°¤£¦n»P«D±`¤£¦nªÌ¥e13.44%¡C¥H¦nªÌ¥H¤W¦Ò¶q¡A¦¹¤G¦~ÄÖ¼h®t¶Z¬°11.70¦Ê¤ÀÂI¡AÅã¥Ü¦¹¤G¦~ÄÖ¼h¥Ø«eªº°·±dª¬ªp¦³©úÅã®t²§¡C¡v
¡]¤Þ¦Û½Ã¥Í¸p²Îp³B¡^
¦ÓÃö©ó¦Ûµû°·±d»PÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥ÎªºÃö«Y¡A¸g¾ã²z°ê¥~¤åÄm«á¡A·íMarkidesµ¥(1985)ªº¬ã¨s¤¤¡A«ü¥X¨Åé¯gª¬¼Æ¤Î¦Ûµû°·±d¬O¼vÅT¾¥¦èô¦Ñ¦~¤@¥N¨Ï¥Îªù¶Eªº¥Dn¦]¯À¡C¨ä¦¸Hansellµ¥(1991)ªº¬ÛÃö¬ã¨s¥ç¤ä«ùMarkidesªº¬ã¨sµ²ªG¡A«ü¥X¦Ûı¨Å骬ªp(Body
Awareness)¹ï¦Ñ¤Hªù¶E§Q¥Îªº¼vÅT¡C
¦¹¥~¡ALevkoff(1987)ªº¬ã¨s¤¤¡A¯e¯f¼Æ·|¼vÅT¤¤¦~¤Hªºªù¶EªA°È§Q¥Î¡A¦ÓºC©Ê¯f»Pª×§É»Ùê·|¼vÅT¦Ñ¦~¤Hªºªù¶E§Q¥Î¡C¦Ó¦b°·±dª¬ªpªº´ú¶q¤è±¡A¦h¼Æ¬ã¨s¥H¦Ûµû°·±d¡BºC©Ê¯f¼x¼Æ¤Î¨Åé¥\¯à»Ù걡§Î¬°«ü¼Ð¡]Arling,
1985 ; Branch et.al, 1985; Andersen et.al, 1987 ; Levkoff et.al, 1987 ; SIU
et.al,1990¡^
ºî¦X¥H¤W°Q½×¡A¥»¬ã¨s¸Õ¹Ï±N¦Ûµû°·±d¡A¨Ì·Ó°Ý¨÷¤¤¤w¦³Åܶµ¡A·§©À¤Æ¬°¦Ñ¤H¦Ûµû°·±d¤Î¦ÛµûºC©Ê¯f¼Æ¡A¨Ã¥[¥H¤À§O°Q½×»P¸ê¥»µ²ºc«¬ºA»PªÀ·|¤ä«ù¨t²Î¶¡ªºÅÞ¿èÃö«Y¡C
¬ã¨s¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½
¥»¤å¦b¤ÀªR¤W¥Dn¬O¨Ï¥Î½Ã¥Í¸p®a®xpµe¬ã¨s©Ò¡]쬰¥xÆW¬Ù®a®xpµe¬ã¨s©Ò¡^1989¦~»P1993¦~ªº¡u¥xÆW¦a°Ï¦Ñ¤H«O°·»P¥Í¬¡°ÝÃD½Õ¬d¡v¡A¥H¤Î1996¦~ªº¡u¥xÆW¦a°Ï¤¤¦Ñ¦~«O°·»P¥Í²P³W¹º½Õ¬d¡v¡]¥H¤U²ºÙ¦Ñ¤H«O°·½Õ¬d¡^¡A°Q½×¦Ñ¦~¦æªº¿©¯fºØÃþ¡F¶i¦Ó¥H¦P¤@§å¸ê®Æ¤ÀªR¦Ñ¤H¿©±w¯e¯fºØÃþ¡B¬¡°Ê¥\¯à»P¦Ûµû°·±dª¬ªpªºÃö«Y¡C¦Ü©ó¡A°Q½×¦UºØ¤£¦P°·±dª¬ºA¨ì¦º¤`ªº¾úµ{¡A¦]¬°¡u¦Ñ¦~«O°·½Õ¬d¡vµLªk´£¨Ñ¾ú¦¸½Õ¬d¤§¦º¤`¼Ë¥»¤§¦º¤`ì¦]¡A¥N¦Ó¨Ï¥Î¡u¥xÆW¦a°Ï¦º¤`²Îp¡v¡]¦æ¬F°|½Ã¥Í¸p¡A1993-1997¡^¸ê®Æ¡A¤F¸Ñ¦Ñ¤Hªº¦º¤`ì¦]¡C
¬ã¨s¤èªk
1.ÁʶR»`¶°°ê¤º¥~¦³ÃöÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î¡BªÀ·|¤ä«ù»P¥æ´«¡B¦Ûµû°·±dª¬ªp¤Î¸ê¥»·§©À¬ÛÃö¬ã¨s³ø§i¡A¨Ã¥[¥H¤ÀªR¤¶²Ð¡C
2.ÁʶR»`¶°°ê¤º¥~¦³ÃöÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î¡BªÀ·|¤ä«ù»P¥æ´«¡B¦Ûµû°·±dª¬ªp¤Î¸ê¥»·§©À¬ÛÃö¬ã¨s³ø§i¡A¥H¯÷¬ã¨s°Ñ¦Ò¡C
3.¥Ó½Ð¨Ã¨Ï¥Î½Ã¥Í¸p®a®xpµe¬ã¨s©Ò¡]쬰¥xÆW¬Ù®a®xpµe¬ã¨s©Ò¡^¡A1989¦~»P1993¦~ªº¡u¥xÆW¦a°Ï¦Ñ¤H«O°·»P¥Í¬¡°ÝÃD½Õ¬d¡v¥[¥H¾ã²z¡B¤ÀÃþ¡A¨Ã¥H¦h¤¸°jÂk¤ÀªR²`¤J°Q½×¡A¥Ø«e°ê¤º¼vÅT¦Ñ¤HÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Îªº¥DnÃöÁä¦]¯À¡C
¥»¬ã¨s©Ò¦¬¶°ªº¸ê®Æ¡A¥]¬AªÀ·|¤ä«ù»P¥æ´«¡B¸ê¥»µ²ºc«¬ºA¡B¦Ûµû°·±dª¬ªp»PÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î¥|Ó³¡¥÷¡A¸ê®Æ¦¬¶°«á¥ý¦æ½s½X¤Îµn¿ý¡A¹B¥ÎSPSS
8.0 for Windows¹q¸£®M¸Ë³nÅé¡A¨Ì¾Ú¬ã¨s¥Øªº¤ÎÅܶµ©Ê½è¶i¦æ²Îp¤ÀªR¡A¥H´yz©Ê¤Î¬ÛÃö©Ê²Îp¤è¦¡¡AÀË©w¬ã¨s°²³]¤Î¦UÅܶµ¶¡¤§®t²§©Ê¡A¨Ã¥H½Æ°jÂk¤è¦¡¤ÀªR¼vÅTªÀ·|¤ä«ù»P¥æ´«¡B¸ê¥»µ²ºc«¬ºA¡B¦Ûµû°·±dª¬ªp»PÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î¦]¯À¤§Åܲ§¶q¡F¥»¬ã¨s±À½×²Îp±ÄÂù§ÀÀË©w¡A²ÎpÅãµÛ¤ô·Ç³]©w¬°.05(singnificance
lever, p<.05)¡C¦¹¥~¡A¦Ò¶q¥H°jÂk¤è¦¡¸Ñ¨MÅܶµ®|¸ô¦]ªG¤ÀªR¤§¯Ê¥¢(path
analysis)¡A¦p¥²¶·°²©w¹ïÅܶµ¤§´ú¶qµL´ú¶q»~®t¦s¦b¡BÅܶµ¥u¯à¬Oµ¥¶Z¤Ø«×¥H¤W¤§Åã©ÊÅܶµ(manifest
variables)¡A¦Ü©ó¼ç¦bÅܶµ(latent variables)«h¤£¯à¶i¦æÀË©w¡A¤ÎÅܶµ¶¡¥u¦³³æ¦Vªº¦]ªGÃö«Y¡A¤£¤¹³\«D»¼°j(nonrecursive)ªºÃö«Y¦s¦b¡A¬G¥»¬ã¨s¥H½u©Êµ²ºc¼Ò¦¡(linear
structural equation model, LISREL)¨Ó¤ÀªRÅçÃÒ¤TÓ¨ÌÅܶµ©¼¦¹¤§¬ÛÃö»P¦]ªGÃö«Y¡A¥H×¥¿ªì©l°²³]¤§µ²ºc¼Ò¦¡¡A¨Ï¥Î¤§³nÅ鬰LISREL
8.3 for windows¡C
¤@¡B´yz©Ê²Îp
´ú¶qÅܶµªº©Ê½è¥]¬AÃþ§O¡B§Ç¦ì¤Îµ¥¶Z©Îµ¥¤ñµ¥¡A¤À§O¥H¦Ê¤À¤ñ¡BÀW²v¡B¥§¡È¡B¤¤¦ì¼Æ¡B¼Ð·Ç®t¤Î³Ì¤j¡B³Ì¤pȨӪí¥Ü¡C
¤G¡B±À½×©Ê²Îp
¡]¤@¡^
¥H¥d¤èÀË©w(chi-square
test) (¦P½è©Ê¦ÒÅç)¤ÀªR¦Ñ¤H¸ê¥»µ²ºc«¬ºA¡BªÀ·|¤ä«ù»P¥æ´«¡B¦Ûµû°·±dª¬ªp»PÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥ÎªºÃö«Y¡C
¡]¤G¡^
¥Ht-test
¤Îoneway ANOVA(analysis of variance)ÀË©w¦UÅܶµ¡]ªÀ·|¤ä«ù»P¥æ´«¡B¸ê¥»µ²ºc«¬ºA¡B¦Ûµû°·±dª¬ªp»PÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î¡^¶¡¤§¥æ¤¬Ãö«Y¡AY¦U²Õ¶¡¦³ÅãµÛ®t²§¦s¦b¡A«h¶i¤@¨B¥HÁ§¶O(
Scheffe¡¦s
method)°µ¨Æ«á²Õ¶¡®t²§¤§¤ñ¸û¤ÀªR¡C
¡]¤T¡^
¥H¥Öº¸´Ë¿n®t¬ÛÃö(Pearson
product-moment correlation)¤§¬ÛÃö«Y¼Æ(correlation coefficient) rȤÀªR¦UÅܶµ¶¡¤§¬ÛÃö©Ê¡C
¤T¡B°jÂk¤ÀªR
¥H½Æ°jÂk(multiple
regression)¤¤¤§³v¨B°jÂk¤è¦¡(stepwise)¤ÀªR¦Ñ¤HÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î¤§¼vÅT¦]¤l¡A¥H¢à¢±È»¡©ú¸ê¥»µ²ºc«¬ºA¡BªÀ·|¤ä«ù»P¥æ´«¡B¦Ûµû°·±dª¬ªp¹ïÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î¤§¸ÑÄÀÅܲ§¶q¡C
¥|¡B½u©Êµ²ºc¼Ò¦¡
¥H½u©Êµ²ºc¼Ò¦¡(linear
structural equation model, LISREL)ÅçÃÒªÀ·|¤ä«ù»P¥æ´«¡B¸ê¥»µ²ºc«¬ºA¡B¦Ûµû°·±dª¬ªp»PÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î©¼¦¹¤§¬ÛÃö»P¦]ªGÃö«Y¡A¨Ã×qì°²³]¤§µ²ºc¼Ò¦¡¡C
¡@¡@¹w´Á¥»¬ã¨s±N²£¥Í¤U¦C´X¶µ°^Äm¡Cº¥ý¡A¦b¤w¦³ªº¹ïÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Îªº¬ã¨s¤¤¡A·¥¤Ö¬ã¨sÂê©w¦Ñ¦~±Ú¸s¬°¥Dnªº¬ã¨s¹ï¶H¡C¦b¦Ñ¦~¤H¤f¦û¥þ³¡¤H¤f¤ñ²v³v¦~Ãk¤ÉªºÁͶդU¡A¥»¬ã¨s¥¿¦n§Q¥Î¡u¥xÆW¦a°Ï¦Ñ¤H«O°·»P¥Í¬¡°ÝÃD½Õ¬d¡v¤§¥þ°ê©Ê½Õ¬d¸ê®Æ¡A²`¤J±´¨s¼vÅT¦Ñ¦~§Q¥ÎÂåÀøªA°È¤§¥Dn¦]¤l¡AÂǦ¹¥i´£¨Ñ½Ã¥Í¥DºÞ·í§½¦b¨î©w°õ¦æ¬ÛÃöºÖ§Q¬Fµ¦®É¥Dn°Ñ¦Ò¨Ì¾Ú¡C
¡@¡@¨ä¦¸¡A¥»¬ã¨sÂǵ۰Q½×¦Ñ¦~¤HÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î¦º¤`²vÁͶդ§¬Û¹ïÀ³Ãö«Y¡A±´¨s¥þ¥Á°·±d«OÀI¦b®ø°£¤j³¡¥÷¥Á²³ªº´NÂå»Ùê«á¡A¬O§_¯uªº´£¤É¥þÅé¥Á²³¾ãÅé°·±d¡A¨ÃÂǦ¹Âç²M¥þ¥Á°·±d«OÀI¹ï¥þÅé°ê¥Á°·±d´£ª@ªº°^Äm¡C
¡@¡@¦¹¥~¡A¥»¬ã¨s¹Á¸Õ§Q¥Î¸gÀپǤ¤ªº²z½×Æ[ÂI¨Ó¹ï©óÂåÀøªA°È®ø¶OªÌ¤ÎÂåÀøªA°È´£¨ÑªÌ¤§§Q¥ÎÂåÀø¸ê·½¨Mµ¦¼Ò¦¡¡A´£¨Ñ¥t¥~¤@Ó¸ÑÄÀªºÆ[ÂI¡A¨Ã¸Õ¹Ï§ä¥X¼vÅTÂåÀø¸ê·½§Q¥Îªº¥DnÃöÁä¦]¤l¡C
¡@¡@¥»¬ã¨s¹ï¥xÆWªºÂåÀø¬Fµ¦¨î©w¨ã¹ê»Ú°Ñ¦Ò»ùÈ¡A¥Dnªºì¦]¦b©ó¥Ø«e¥þ¥Á°·±d«OÀI¸ê·½ªº¥Dn¯Ó¥ÎªÌ¬°65·³¥H¤W¤§¦Ñ¦~±Ú¸s¡A¦Ó¦b°·«O°]¬FÄY«¹¼¥F¤§»Ú¡A¥»¬ã¨sÂǦ¹²`¤J±´°Q¼vÅT¦Ñ¦~±Ú¸sÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Î¡C
(¤@)
¤¤¤å³¡¥÷
¤º¬F³¡²Îp³B(1996)¡C¤º¬F²Îp¤â¥U¡C
¤ý§»¤¯¡Bð¤å¼z¡]2001¡^¡CªÀ·|ºÖ§Q²z½×¡Ð¬y¬£»Pª§Ä³¡C¥x¥_¡G¥¨¬y¡C
¤ýÂO®Û¡Bù°ê^¡]1992¡^¡CªÀ·|¬ã¨sªº¸ê®Æ³B²z¡C¥x¥_¡G¾¤©ú¤å¤Æ¡C
¦æ¬F°|½Ã¥Í¸p(1994)¡C¥xÆW¦a°Ï¤½¨p¥ßÂå°|¯e¯f»P¶Ë®`½Õ¬d³ø§i¡C
¦¶§Â¼Ó¡]1988¡^¡CÅܾEªÀ·|»P¦Ñ¦~¡A¡]Z.
Smith BlauµÛ¡^¡C¥x¥_¡G¥¨¬y¡C
¥]À³©úĶ¡]1997¡^¡C¤å¤Æ¸ê¥»»PªÀ·|·Òª÷³N¡C¤W®ü¡G¤H¥Á¥Xª©ªÀ¡C
§d§Àà¡]2001¡^¡C¼vÅT°·±d¦]¯À¤§¬ã¨s―¥xÆW¹êÃÒ¤ÀªR¡C»Ê¶Ç¤j¾Ç¸gÀپǬã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
§õ¾å¸Ö¡]2001¡^¡CÂåÀø§Q¥Î¦æ¬°¨ç¼Æ¤§¦ôp
¡Ð
¥þ¥Á°·«O´|¦X¸ê®Æ¤§À³¥Î¡C°ê¥ß¥x¥_¤j¾Ç°]¬F¾Ç¨tºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
§õ¥É¬K¡B·¨»Ê´Ü½s¡]1998¡^¡C·s¥@¬öªºÂåÀø«O°·¬Fµ¦¡C¥x¥_¡G®Û«a¡C
§õ´fÙy¡B·¨³·¥V¥D½s¡]2000¡^¡CªÀ·|¸ê¥»»PªÀ·|µo®i¡C¥_¨Ê¡GªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç¤åÄm¡C
§õ²r¡B§õ±dĶ¡]1998¡^¡C¹ê½î»P¤Ï«ä¡A¡]Wacquant,
L. D.µÛ¡^¡C¥_¨Ê¡G¤¤¥¡½sĶ¡C
ªLªåªå¡]1992¡^¡C¤¤¦èÂåÂåÀø§Q¥Î«¬ºAªº¤åÄm¦^ÅU»P¹êÃÒ¬ãªR¡C¤¤µØ®aÂå»x¡A2(1)¡G1-12¡C
ªLªåªå¡]1992¡^¡C¤j¾Ç¥Íªº¤¤¦èÂåÂåÀø¨DÂå¦æ¬°¡C¤¤µØ®aÂå»x¡A2(4)¡G176-185¡C
ªL¯À¯u¡]1995¡^¡C¼vÅTÂå¾Ç¤¤¤ßªù¶E»Ý¨D¤§¦]¯À±´°Q¡Ð®É¶¡¦¨¥»ªº¨¤¦â¡C°ê¥ß¥xÆW¤j¾ÇºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
ªLºa»·Ä¶¡]1998¡^¡C¸gÀÙ»PªÀ·|¡A¡]Marx
WeberµÛ¡^¡C¥_¨Ê¡G°Ó°È¡C
ªL¸U»õµ¥¡]1995¡^¡C¥xÆWªºªÀ·|ºÖ§Q¡G¥Á¶¡Æ[ÂI¡C¥x¥_¡G¤«n¡C
ªLª@¥µ¥¡]1998¡^¡CºÞ²z¸gÀپǡC°ê¥ßªÅ¤¤¤j¾Ç¥Î®Ñ¡C
©P¤å½å¡]2000¡^¡Cp¶q¸gÀÙ»P®É¶¡§Ç¦C¤ÀªR¡ÐSAS/ETS¤§À³¥Î¡C¥x¥_¡G´¼³Ó¤å¤Æ¡C
©P¤å½å¡]2001¡^¡C¦hÅܶq²Îp¤ÀªR¡ÐSAS/STAT¤§À³¥Î¡C¥x¥_¡G´¼³Ó¤å¤Æ¡C
S²[´f¡]2001¡^¡Cªø´Á·ÓÅ@¾÷ºc¦Ñ¤H°·±dª¬ªp¡B¥Í¬¡¾AÀ³¤Î¥Í¬¡º¡·N«×¬ÛÃö©Ê¤§±´°Q¡C¤¤°êÂåÃľǰ|/Âå¾Ç¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
¬q®a¾W¡B®]¥¿ÂסB±i¥@½å¥D½s¡]2001¡^¡C½×¤å¼g§@¬ã¨s¡C¥x¥_¡G¤T¥Á¡C
ªô¤Ñ§U¡]1998¡^¡C¥¬º¸}¤Ì¤å¤Æ¦A»s²z½×¡C¥x¥_¡G®Û«a¡C
°ª«Å´¡]2001¡^¡C·í¥NªÀ·|²z½×¡C¥x¥_¡G¤«n¡C
°ª«Å´¡]2002¡^¡C¥¬º¸}¤Ì¡C¥x¥_¡G¥Í´¼¡C
°ª¬ü^Ķ¡]1999¡^¡C¬ã¨s¤åÄm¤§¦^ÅU»P¾ã¦X¡A¡]Harris
M. CooperµÛ¡^¡C¥x¥_:¥°´¼¡C
®Ë´¼ªN¡]1996¡^¡C¨È·í.´µ±K¥H«eªº¸gÀپǡC¥_¨Ê¤j¾Ç¥Xª©ªÀ¡C
®]±o¶¯¡B»ô¤O¡B§õ¬ü¬Â¥D½s¡]1997¡^¡C¤H¤f¦Ñ¤Æ»P¦Ñ¦~·ÓÅ@¡C¤¤µØ¥Á°ê¤H¤f¾Ç·|ÂO®Ñ¡C
®]´¼ºöĶ(2002)¡C¥¬»®}¤ÌªÀ·|¾Çªº²Ä¤@½Ò¡A¡]Patrice
BonnewitzµÛ¡^¡C¥x¥_:³Á¥Ð¡C
®}ÄR§g¡B½²¤å½÷¡]1985¡^¡C¦Ñ¦~ªÀ·|¾Ç¡Ð²z½×»P¹ê°È¡C¥x¥_¡G¥¨¬y¡C
¶À¼Ý§Ó¡]2002¡^¡CªÀ·|¶¥¼h¡BªÀ·|ºôµ¸»P¥DÆ[·NÃÑ¡G¥xÆW¦a°Ï¤£¤½¥ªºªÀ·|¶¥¼hÅé¨t¤§©µÄò¡C¥x¥_¡G¥¨¬y¡C
¶ÀªQªL¥D½s¡]2000¡^¡C¦Ñ¤H½g¡C·s¥xÆWªÀ·|µo®i¾Ç³NÂO®Ñ¡C
±äñüùÚ¡]1991¡^¡CÂåÀø»Ý¨D²z½×»P»OÆWªº¹êÃÒ¬ã¨s¡C°ê¥ß¬Fªv¤j¾Ç¸gÀÙ¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
±d¼Ö¡B²´f¬üĶ¡]1999¡^¡C¸gÀÙ¦æ°Ê»PªÀ·|¹ÎÅé¡A¡]Max
WeberµÛ¡^¡C¥x¥_¡G»·¬y¡C
±i§gª´¡B¶ÀÄP¤¯Ä¶¡]1999¡^¡C®ø¶O¡A¡]Robert
BocockµÛ¡^¡C¥x¥_¡G¥¨¬y¡C
±i²M·Ë¡B³\¹Å´É¡B¼BÅa³©¡B§dÁo±Ó¡]1991¡^¡C¸gÀپǡвz½×»P¹ê»Ú¡C¥x¥_¡G·s³°¡C
³°¥Á¤¯¡]1995¡^¡C¸gÀپǷ§½×¡C¥x¥_¡G¤T¥Á¡C
³\´å¶®¡]1997¡^¡C¼vÅTªÀ°Ï¦Ñ¤H¦Ûµû°·±d¤§¦]¯À¡C°ê¥ß¥xÆW¤j¾Ç¤½¦@½Ã¥Í¾Ç¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
³¢ÀR¿P¡]1992¡^¡C¤¤Âå¨DÂå¦æ¬°ªº¨M©w¦]¯À¡C°ê¥ß¥xÆW¤j¾Ç¤½¦@½Ã¥Í¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
±d°·¹Ø¡]1992¡^¡C¤¤Âåªù¶E¯f¤H¨D¶E±Ð¾ÇÂå°|¤¤Â峡©Î¤@¯ë¤¤Âå¶E©Òªº¬ÛÃö¦]¯À¤§±´°Q¡C°ê¥ß¥xÆW¤j¾ÇºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
³¯»F¨k¡]1992¡^¡C¥xÆW¦a°Ï¦Ñ¤H°·±dª¬ªp»P´NÂå¦æ¬°¡C¤H¤fÂ૬¤¤ªº®a®x»P®a¤áÅܾE¬ã°Q·|½×¤å¶°¡C
³¯»F¨k¡]1999¡^¡C¦Ñ¤H¤TÄ_¡Ð¦Ñ¥»¡B¦Ñ¦ñ»P¦Ñ¤Í¡C¤¤¥¡¬ã¨s°|¸gÀÙ¬ã¨s©Ò¸gÀÙ¬ã¨sÂO®Ñ¡C
³¯»F¨k¡BªL´f¬Â(1996)¡C¥þ¥Á°·±d«OÀI¹ï¦Ñ¤HÂåÀø»Ý¨D¤§¼vÅT±À¦ô¡C¤H¤fÅܾE¡B°ê¥Á°·±d»PªÀ·|¦w¥þ¡A·¨¤å¤s¡B§õ¬ü¬Â¥D½s¡A¤¤¥¡¬ã¨s°|¤¤¤s¤H¤åªÀ¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨s©Ò±M®Ñ¡C
³¯²ÐÄÉ¡]1997¡^¡C¥xÆWªº¤H¤fÅܾE»PªÀ·|ÅܾE¡C¥x¥_¡GÁp¸g¡C
³¯«ý¥_¹w¨¾Âå¾Ç°òª÷·|¥D½s¡]1998¡^¡C¤½¦@½Ã¥Í¾Ç¡C¥x¥_¡G¥¨¬y¡C
´^»ñ¬ü¡]2000¡^¡C¥Á²³¥Í¬¡«¬ºA¡BÂåÀø¸ê·½§Q¥Î»P°·±dª¬ªp¤§±´°Q¡ã¥H·s¦Ë¬ì¾Ç¶é°Ïû¤u¬°¨Ò¡C°ê¥ß¶§©ú¤j¾ÇªÀ°ÏÅ@²z¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
´¿¾åµa¡]1995¡^¡C°·±dª¬ªpÅܤƹï¦Ñ¤HÂåÀøªA°È§Q¥Îªº¼vÅT¡C°ê¥ß¥xÆW¤j¾Ç¤½¦@½Ã¥Í¾Ç¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
³Å¥õ¤î¡B¥ÐªÚµØĶ¡]1999¡^¡C§ï¶i½Õ¬d°ÝÃD¡G³]p»Pµû¦ô¡A¡]Floyd
J. Fowler, Jr.µÛ¡^¡C¥x¥_¡G¥°´¼¡C
«À¶}«Ø¡B¼B·¨}¡B§dº~¬xµ¥Ä¶¡]1997¡^¡C¸gÀپǡA¡]Joseph
E. StiglitzµÛ¡^¡C¥_¨Ê¡G¤¤°ê¤H¥Á¤j¾Ç¥Xª©ªÀ¡C
¶¾§J§QĶ(2000)¡C¸gÀÙ¡B¬ì¾Ç»P¬Fªv¡Ð«¢C§J«ä·Qºëºé¡A¡]Hayek
selectionsµÛ¡^¡C«n¨Ê¡G¦¿Ä¬¤H¥Á¥Xª©ªÀ¡C
·ì«C¥D½s¡]2002¡^¡C±d¼w¸g¨å¤å¦s¡C¤W®ü¡G¤W®ü¤j¾Ç¡C
¸â¤õ¥Í¥D½s¡]1991¡^¡C·í¥NªÀ·|ÅܾE»P°ÝÃD¡C°ê¥ßªÅ¤¤¤j¾Ç¥Î®Ñ¡C
¸â¤õ¥Í¥D½s¡]1997¡^¡Cªï±µ°ªÄÖªÀ·|ªº¬D¾Ô¡C¥x¥_¡G®Û«a¡C
ºµ¾åªÚ¡]1998¡^¡CªÀ°Ï¿W©~¦Ñ¤H°·±dª¬ªp,
ªÀ·|¤ä«ù¤Î¬ÛÃö¦]¯À±´°Q¡C°ê¥ß¥xÆW¤j¾ÇÅ@²z¾Ç¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
¼B¤å¥É¡]¥Á89¡^¡C´NÂå®É¶¡¦¨¥»¹ï¥Á²³ªù¶EÂåÀø§Q¥Îªº¼vÅT¡Ð¥H¶³¹Å¦a°Ï¥Á²³¬°¨Ò¡C°ê¥ß¥xÆW¤j¾Ç½Ã¥Í¬Fµ¦»PºÞ²z¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
¼B¥_¦¨Ä¶¡]2001¡^¡CÁ{§ÉÂå¾Çªº誔¥Í¡A(Michel
FoucaultµÛ)¡C«n¨Ê¡GĶªL¡C
¼B¥_¦¨¡B±ä½ÃªFĶ¡]2000¡^¡C¦Xªk¤Æ¦M¾÷¡A¡]Jurgen
HabermasµÛ¡^¡C¤W®ü¡G¤H¥Á¡C
¾Gµ¤ì¡]1995¡^¡C°·±d«OÀI¹ï¥xÆW¦Ñ¤HÂåÀø»Ý¨Dªº¼vÅT¡C°ê¥ß¤¤¥¡¤j¾Ç²£·~¸gÀÙ¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
¾G´f¬Â¡]2000¡^¡CªÀ·|¸ê¥»»P¦Ûµû°·±d¡C°ê¥ß¥xÆW¤j¾Ç½Ã¥Í¬Fµ¦»PºÞ²z¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
¾GÆg·½¥D½s¡]2000¡^¡Cªø´Á·ÓÅ@½g¡C·s¥xÆWªÀ·|µo®i¾Ç³NÂO®Ñ¡C
¿c·çªâ¡BÁ±ҷç¡]2001¡^¡CÂåÀø¸gÀپǡC¥x¥_¡G¾Ç´I¡C
¼Ú¶§³Ô¡]1991¡^¡C¸gÀÙ¾Çì²z¡C¥x¥_¡G¤T¥Á¡C
¼ï^¬üĶ¡]1999¡^¡C¦Ñ¤H»PªÀ·|¡A¡]James
A. ThorsonµÛ¡^¡C¥x¥_¡G¤«n¡C
¿àªÚ¨¬¡]1995¡^¡C¥þ¥Á°·«O¹ê¬I«á¥Á²³ÂåÀø§Q¥Î¼vÅT¦]¯À¤§¬ã¨s¡C¤¤°êÂåÃľǰ|Âå°ÈºÞ²z¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
Áµn¶©¡]1995¡^¡CÓÅé¸gÀÙ²z½×¤ÎÀ³¥Î¡C¥x¥_¡GµØ®õ¡C
²s¥ÉĶ¡]1999¡^¡C®ø¶OªÌ¦æ¬°¾Ç¡A¡]Del
I. Hawkins, Roger J. Best , Kenneth A. ConeyµÛ¡^¡C¥x¥_¡G¤«n¡C
(¤G)
^¤å³¡¥÷
Anderson
J.G. & Bartkus D.E. (1973), ¡§Choice
of Medical Care: Abehavioral Model of Health and Illness Behavior,¡¨ J Health Soc Behavior, 14,348-363.
Andersen,
R.& Newman J. (1973), ¡§Societal
and Individual Determinants of Medical Care Utilization in the United States,¡¨
Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly,51(winter),95-124.
Anderson,
R. (1986), ¡§A
Behavioral Model of Families¡¦
Use of Health Service,¡¨ Research Series NO.25, Chicago: Center for Health Administration
Studies, University of Chicago.
Arling,
G. (1987), ¡§Social
support and distress in old age,¡¨
Journal of Gerontology, 42(1),107-113.
Arrow,
K.J. (1963), ¡§Uncertainty
and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care,¡¨
American Economic Review December, 53(5),941-73.
Baker,
T.D. & Perlman, M. (1976),¡¨Health
Manpower in a Developing Economy: Taiwan, A case study on Planning,¡¨ Johns Hopkins Press:Baltimore,P1.
Be¡¦land
F. (1988), ¡§Conceptualizing the Utilization of Ambulatory Medical Care as a
process,¡¨
Med Care,26(2):115-123.
Elliott
J.L. (1972), ¡§Culture
Barrier to the Utilization of Health Services,¡¨
Inquiry,9,28-35.
Eve
S.B. (1988), ¡§A
Longitudinal Study of Use of Health Care Services Among Older Women,¡¨ J
Gerontology,43(2),31-39.
Haug
M.O. (1981), ¡§Age
and Medical Care Utilization Patterns,¡¨
J Gerontology, 36(1):103-111.
Kronenfeld
J.J. (1978), ¡§Provider
Variables and The Utilization of Ambulatory Care Services,¡¨ J
Health Soc Behavior,19,68-76.
Kronenfeld
J.J. (1980), ¡§Sources
of Ambulatory Care and Utilization Models,¡¨
Health Serv Res,15(1),3-20.
Markides
K.J. , Levin J.S.& Ray L.A. (1985), ¡§Determinants of Physician Utilization Among Mexican-Americans-A
Three ¡Vgenerations
study,¡¨ Med Care,23(3),237-245.
Mutran
E.& Ferraro K.F. (1988), ¡§Medical
Need and Use of Services Among Older Men and Women,¡¨ J
Gerontology,43(5),162-171.
Rice,
N.P. and Feldman, J.J. (1983), ¡§Living
Longer in The United States: Demographic Changes and Health Need of The Elderly,¡¨
Milbank Men Fund Q,63,187-205.
Stoller
E.P. (1982), ¡§Patterns
of Physician Utilization by the elderly: A Multivariate Analysis,¡¨ Med
Care,11,1080-1089.
Taylor
D.G., Aday L.A.& Andrsen R. (1975), ¡§A social Indicator of Access to Medical Care,¡¨ J Health Soc Behavior,16,39-52.
Wolinsky
F.D.& Arnold C.L. (1988), ¡§A
different Perspective on Health and Health Services Utilization,¡¨ Ann Rev Gerontology and Geriatrics ,8,70-101.
Wolinsky
F.D.& Johnson R.J. (1991),¡¨The
Use of Health Services by Older Adults,¡¨ J
Gerontology,46(6),345-357.
¡]¤T¡^ºô¶¸ê®Æ
¦æ¬F°|½Ã¥Í¸p¡Chttp://www.doh.gov.tw/¡]2002/9/1¡^
¤º¬F²Îp¸ê°TªA°Èºô¡Chttp://www.moi.gov.tw/W3/stat/(2002/9/1)
¥xÆW¤½¦@½Ã¥Í¾Ç·|¡Chttp://tpha.cph.ntu.edu.tw/(2002/8/12)
¤¤¥¡°·±d«OÀI§½¡Chttp://www.nhi.gov.tw/01intro/intro_3.htm¡]2002/9/1¡^
Baldassare, Rosenfield, & Rook, 1984 ¡]The types of
social relations predicting elderly well-being. Research on Aging, 6, 549-559.
¡^
http://webbackup.epnet.com/citation.asp?tb=1&_ug=dbs+2+ln+en%2Dus+sid+6EE29EBB%2D785A%2D41C6%2D9071%2DC0604D7F658F%40Sessionmgr2+D698&_us=bs+disengagement++theory+db+2+ds+disengagement++theory+dstb+ES+fh+0+hd+0+or+
Date+ri+KAAACBUA00009862+sm+ES+3B23&cf=1&fn=1&rn=7&_ug.fic=0(2002/8/15)
Atchley,
Robert C (1989)
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?Did=000000002785351&Fmt=1&Deli=1&Mtd=1&Idx=10&Sid=1&RQT=309(2002/8/15)
The
Economic Status of the Aged," Social Security Bulletin, Vol. 55, No: 3
(Fall); pp. 3-23(1992)¡]1994. "Noncash Income, Equivalence Scales, and the
Measurement of Economic Well-Being," ORS Working Paper
http://webbackup.epnet.com/citation.asp?tb=1&_ug=dbs+2+fic+0+ln+en%2Dus+sid+6EE29EBB%2D785A%2D41C6%2D9071%2DC0604D7F658F%40Sessionmgr2+AC03&_us=bs+money++income+db+2+ds+money++income+dstb+ES+fh+0+hd+0+or+Date+ri+KAAACBUA00011307+sm+ES+1AA2&cf=1&fn=11&rn=11&_ug.fic=0(2002/9/1)
Education and Urban Society [H.W. Wilson - EDUC]; May
2002; English, Fenwick W.;
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?Did=000000121846315&Fmt=1&Deli=1&Mtd=1&Idx=9&Sid=2&RQT=309&L=1(2002/9/1)
Bullock, Stallybrass, & Trombley, 1988, p. 106).¡]Bullock,
A., Stallybrass, O., & Trombley, S. (Eds.). (1988). The Fontana dictionary
of modern thought (2nd ed.)
Portes, 1998; Wall, Ferrazzi, & Schryer, 1998¡]Portes,
A. (1998). Social capital: Its origins and applications in modem sociology.
Annual Review of Sociology Annual, 24(1), 1-24. Retrieved March 20, 2000, from
INFOTRAC database on the World Wide Web: http://infotrac.galegroup.comhttp://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?Did=000000139585311&Fmt=4&Deli=1&Mtd=1&Idx=2&Sid=
0&RQT=309&LDid=000000152269331&LSid=1&L=1(2002/8/15)
Yuh Huey Jou; Fukada, Hiromi¡^¡iJournal of Social Psychology , Jun2002, Vol. 142 Issue 3, p353, 18p, 4 charts¡j
http://webbackup.epnet.com/citation.asp?tb=1&_ug=dbs+2+ln+en%2Dus+sid+5E0B92FF%2D0069%2D44CC%2DB803%2D04F6DA99B31F%40sessionmgr3%2Dsessionmgr4+505C&_us=bs+health++And+++social++support++And+++old+db+2+ds+health++And+++social++support++And+++old+dstb+ES+fh+0+hd+0+or+Date+ri+KAAACBUA00061285+sm+ES+726B&fn=11&rn=14(2002/8/15)
¡@