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ÄǾl¼yªºµÛ§@(1992¡B1993¡B1997¡B2000)¤ñ¸û¬O»´äª÷¿Ä¬ã¨s©Ò¥²»Ý°Ñ¦Òªº³¡¥÷¡A¨äª÷¿Ä¬ã¨s¡B°Q½×½d³ò¬Û·íªº¼s¡C»P¦è¤è¬ÛÃö¬ã¨s¬ÛÃþ¦ü¡A¥L¤]¬O±q³f¹ô§@¬°¬ã¨sªº°_ÂI¡C¨ä§@«~±q»´äª÷¿Äªºµo®i¥v¡B¬F©²ª÷¿Ä¾÷ºcªºÅܾE¡B¬Fµ¦ªºÂàÅܵ¥¡A³£¦³±M¤å°Q½×¡A¥Lªº¯S¦âµÛ«¬O¡G¥Hª÷¿Ä§Þ³Nªº¤èªk¡B¼Æ¾Ú§@¬°¬ã¨sªº¤u¨ã¡C¦]°Q½×½d³ò¼s½d¡A¹ï©ó¬F©²¦U®É´Áªº¬Fµ¦¤]¦b°Q½×¤W¦³¨Ç³\µÛ¾¥¡A¦ý³o¨Ç°Q½×¬Û·íµ{«×¤W¬O¡A´N¨Æ½×¨Æªº°Q½×¦¨¬°¤F¥D¶b¡A¹ï©ó¬F©²µ²ºcªº²`¼h¬ã¨s¨Ã¥½µÛ«¡C¦Ó¯S©w¬F©²±MÄݪ÷¿ÄºÊºÞ¾÷ºcªº°Q½×¡A¥u¦û¥H¤W©Ò¦CÁ|ªº¤å³¹¤¤ªº¤Ö¼Æ¡C
[17] Sassen (1990)
[18] John Friedmann¡A(1986¡G4-6)
[19] §º®¦ºa¡A1990¡G115-117
[20] ¦b¥þ²y¤Æªº·®ð¤U¡A¨Ã¤£¬O©Ò¦³¦³Ãö©óª÷¿Äªº¬ã¨s³£¶È¶°¤¤¦b¥þ²y¤Æªº°Q½×¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¥ô¦ó°Ï°ì¡A¯S§O¬O¦a°Ï¬F©²¹ï©óª÷¿Ä¸gÀÙ¹B§@ªº¼vÅT¡A¥H¤Î¨äª÷¿Ä¸gÀÙ¬Fµ¦¡A¤]¬O¦³Ãö©ó¬ã¨sªº«ÂI¡C³o¨Ç¦a°Ïªº°ê®a¬FÅv¡A¬Û·í«nªº¤@³¡¥÷¬O¥Á±Ú°ê®a©Ò²Õ¦¨ªº¡C¦o̹ï©ó©Ò¿×ª÷¿Ä¥þ²y¤Æªº²z½×»P¹ê»Ú¼vÅTªº¤ÏÀ³¡A¤w¦¨¬°¤F³o¤è±¬ã¨sªº«ÂI¤§¤@¡CLowell Bryan and Diane Farrell (1997)¦b¥þ²y¤ÆªºÆ[ÂI¤U»{¬°¬F©²¬O¤w¸g¹L®Éªº¡A¤S¬O¥Dnªýê¹ê²{¦Û¥Ñ¸gÀÙ¤U¥þ²y¤Æªºº´c¡C¦ýLeyshon (1997)¹ï©ó^°êÛ´°ªºª÷¿Äµo®i¬ã¨s«o»{¬°¡A¦b¥þ²yª÷¿Ä»P°Ï°ìÄvª§ªº¼vÅT¤§¤U¡A¥ô¦ó¤@Óª÷¿Ä¤¤¤ß³£¥²µMn±Á{§ï²¡A¥t¤@¤è±¡A¦b³o¼Ëªº§Î¶Õ¤§¤U¡A¦a°Ï»P¥þ²yªºÄvª§¡A³£¥²»Ýn¦b§Þ³N»P¬Fµ¦¤W¡A¨ú±o¤ñ¨ä¥¦¦a°Ï§óÀu¶Õªº¦ì¸m (Leyshon¡A1997¡G118-163) ¡C¦³¨Ç¬ã¨sû«h±q¦a°Ï¬F©²ªº¤ñ¸û¥Xµo¡A¦pMaurice Colls(1965)¡A¤ÎDominic Casserley ¡BGreg Gibb(1999)¹ï©ó»´ä»P·s¥[ªiªºª÷¿Ä¨î«×¡B»È¦æÊ^¨î¤ñ¸û¡C³£¬O±q¦a¤èªº¨¤«×¥Xµo¨ÓÓ§O¬ã¨s¦a°Ï¬F©²ªºª÷¿Ä¬Fµ¦»Pª÷¿Äµo®i¡C¥t¥~Marjorie Deane ¡BRobet Pringle ªº¬ã¨s«h±q¤¤¥¡»È¦æªºµo®i¡B¨¤¦âªººtÅܤΥ¦»P¬F©²ªºÃö«Yµ¥¤è±¨Ó¶i¦æ¤À§é(Marjorie Deane ¡BRobet Pringle ¡A1999)¡C
[21] ·¨¾å¶²ªº½×¤å(1997) «ü¥X¡A±qª÷¿Ä¤¤¤ßªºÆ[ÂI¥Xµo¡A¥xÆW/»´ä/·s¥[©Yª÷¿Äµo®iªº¯S¦â»PÀu¦H¶Õªº¬ã¨s¤¤±oª¾¡A»´ä»P·s¥[©Yª÷¿Ä¥«³õ¦´Áªºµo®i¡A¬Ò¬O¦]À³Âà¤f¶T©öªº»Ýn¦Ó¿³°_¤§«á¡A³o¨âÓ¦a°Ï§¡´x´¤¼Ú¬w¬ü¤¸¥«³õ½´«kµo®i»P¸ê¥»°ê»Ú¤Æªº«´¾÷¡A¤À§O¦¨¬°¨È¬wªº¨âÓ°Ï°ì©Êª÷¿Ä¤¤¤ß¡C¦]¦¹¡A¦bªø¤[±¹ï°ê»ÚÄvª§ªºÀ£¤O¤U¡A»´ä»P·s¥[©Y§¡¾Ö¦³¥H°ê»Ú¥«³õ¬°¥Dªºª÷¿Ä²£·~¡C¬Û¹ï¦Ó¨¥¡F¥xÆWªºª÷¿Ä²£·~¬Û·í«Ê³¬¡C80¦~¥N«á´Á¡A¥xÆW¬F©²·í§½¤~¶}©l©ñ¼e°ê¤ºª÷¿Ä²£·~ªººÞ¨î¡A¦Ó¸Ñ°£¹ï¥~¤H°Ñ»P¤§¨î§ó¬O³Ìªñªº¨Æ¡A¦]¦Ó¥xÆWªºª÷¿Ä²£·~¦h«]¦b°ê¤º¥«³õ¡A¥B±q¥«³õªº²`«×»P¼u©Ê¨Ó¬Ý¡A°ê¤ºª÷¿Ä¥«³õªºµo®i¨Ã¤£¤Q¤À°·¥þ¡C
[22] ¶À«T´Ü(1997)ªº§@«~¡A¯à°÷ªí²{¥X¤@¯ë¤H¹ï»´äª÷¿ÄºÞ²zÅé¨îªº»~¸Ñ¡C¦b¨ä½×¤åªº²Ä¤@³¡¥÷¡G¡y¤T¦aª÷¿Ä¥«³õºî¦X¤ÀªR¡z¤¤¥L»{¬°»´äª÷¿ÄºÞ²z§½( HKMA)¬O¶i¦æ¤@¤¸¤ÆºÞ²z¡A³Ð³yÃe¤jªº»È¦æÅé¨t¡C³o¬O¿ù»~ªº¨£¸Ñ¡Cª÷¿ÄºÞ²z§½¦bÅé¨î¤W¡A¬O°]¬F¥qªºÁÒ¤U¡C¦ý¨Ã«D©Ò¿×¤@¤¸¤ÆºÞ²z¡A¦]¬°µL½×»È¦æÅé¨t©Îª÷¿Ä·~³£¦³¦Û¤wªº¤u·|§@ºÞ²z¤u§@¡A¥¦Ì³£¥i¯à¼vÅT°]¬F¥qªº¬Fµ¦ªº¨M©w¡Cª÷¿ÄºÞ²z§½¦b·N¸q¤W¨Ã¤£¯àµ¥¦P©óª÷¿Ä·~ªºÀsÀY¡C¦Ó¥Bª÷¿ÄºÞ²z§½¤]¥u¬O1993¦~¤~¦¨¥ß¡Aµ´¹ï¤£¥i¯à ¡«³Ð³y¹ê¤O¤£¿ùªº°ê¤º»È¦æ¹ê¤O¡¬¡C»È¦æ¹ê¤O¬O»È¦æ¬É¦Û¤v»P°ê®a°·¥þªºÀô¹Ò¦@¦P¾i¦¨ªº¡Aµ´¹ï¤£·|¥Ñ¬F©²¾÷ºc³æ¿W¾i¦¨¡C¥L«ü¥X ¤@¡Bª÷¿ÄºÊºÞ¨î«×»P»È¦æÅé¨t¤§¤ñ¸û¤ÀªR»´ä¦b^°ê¦Û¥Ñ¶}©ñ§@·¤§¤U¡A¥Ñ»´äª÷¿ÄºÞ²z§½( HKMA)¶i¦æ¤@¤¸¤ÆºÞ²z¡A³Ð³yÃe¤jªº»È¦æÅé¨t¡A¤£½×¦b»È¦æ¸ê²£¡B©ñ´ÚÁ`ÃB§¡¬°¤T¦a¤§«a¡C¥Ñ·s¥[©Yª÷¿ÄºÞ²z§½(MAS)´x±±¤§·s¥[©Yª÷¿Ä¥«³õ¡A¹Ò¥~©ñ´Ú¶È¦¸©ó»´ä¡A»È¦æ°ê»Ú¤Æµ{«×¥ç°ª¡CÁöµM»È¦æ³W¼Ò¬°¤T¦a¤§¥½¡F¦ý°ª®Ä²vªº»â¾É¤U¡A·s¥[©Yª÷¿ÄÄvª§¤O¤´°ª¨ã¥@¬Éº¦ì(WEF)¡C
[23]
§Ṳ́£³æ¥H¦Û¥Ñ¸gÀÙªº¨å½d§@¬°¬ã¨sªº¥Xµoªºì¦]¡A¬O¦]¬°»´ä¬F©²¦b¤£¦Pªº¸gÀÙ¬Fµ¦½Ò¥Ø¤W¬O¦³¤£¤@¼Ëªº¬Fµ¦¤Î¥Øªº¡Cª÷¿Ä»P¨ä¥L¸gÀÙ³¡ªùªº¬Fµ¦¤§¶¡¦s¦b¬Û·í¤jªº®t²§¡Cª÷¿Ä¬Fµ¦ªº¹ê¦æ¦b¤@©wµ{«×¤W¥²¶·¹ê¦æ¤z¹w©Î¤¶¤J¡A¦]¬°ª÷¿Ä·~ªº¿³©ô¡AÃö¥GµÛ»´ä¸gÀÙªº¾ãÊ^ªí²{¡A¹ï©ó¥þ¥@¬É¥ô¦ó¤@Ó°ê®a¦Ó¨¥³£¬OÃöÁä¡A¦Ó¥B¬OÃö¥G¨ì¤@Ó¬FÅv¬Fªv°Ý³d©ÊªºÄ³ÃD¡C¥ô¦ó¤@Ó¬FÅv³£¥²¶·¥H°Ý³dªººA«×¨Ó³B²zª÷¿Äªº°ÝÃD¡CµL½×¬O¤E¤C«eªº´ä^¬F©²©Î¤E¤C«áªº¯S°Ï¬F©²¡A¦bª÷¿ÄºÞ²zªº³d¥ô¤W¬O¬Û¦Pªº¡A¦ý¨ä¬Fªv¥Øªº¤Î¤â¬q«o¦³¥i¯à¤£ºÉ¬Û¦P¡C¤£¦P¤§³B¦b¨ºùØ¡H¤Î¬°¦ó¤£¦P¡H³o¨Ç³£¬O¦³¥²n¦b¹ê¦æ¯S°Ï¦æ¬F¥|¦~¥H«áªº¤µ¤Ñ©Ò¶·n½èºÃªº¡C
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[24] Coleman ªº²z½×¤Î¥¦»P¥»¬ã¨s¬[ºcªºÃö³s¡CColeman»{¬°ªÀ·|¬ì¾ÇÀ³¸Ó¥H¸ÑÄÀªÀ·|¨t²Î¦æ¬°¬°«ÂI¡C°ò¥»n¨D¸ÑÄÀ«ÂI¥H¨t²Î¬°³æ¦ì¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¥HÓ¤H©Î¨t²Îªº¨ä¥L²Õ¦¨³¡¥÷¬°³æ¦ì¡C©Ò¥HColeman©Òn³B²zªº¡A¤@Ó¦³Ãö©óªÀ·|²Õ´ªº¨âÓ²Õ¦¨³¡¥÷¡G¥Ñ§»Æ[¤ô·Ç Macro Level (¨t²Î¦æ¬°)¨ì·LÆ[¤ô·Ç Micro Level (ªk¤H¦æ°ÊªÌ Corporate Actors )ªºÂàÅܹLµ{¡C¸ÑÄÀ§»Æ[²{¶H¡A¥]¬A¸ÑÄÀ¤TºØÃþ«¬ªºÃö«Y¡G§»Æ[¨ì·LÆ[ªºÂàÅÜ(Macro-to-Micro Transition)¡BÓ¤H¦³¥Øªºªº¦æ¬°¡@(Purposive Action of Individuals)¡B¤Î·LÆ[¨ì§»Æ[ªºÂàÅÜ(Micro-to-Macro Transition)¡C§Q¥Î³o¤@²z½×½d¦¡(Paradign)¡A¥i¥H·Ç½T¦a´yz³B©ó§»Æ[¤ô·Çªº½ÑºØÃö«Y¡C¦ý¸ÑÄÀªº¥Ø¼Ð¡A¨Ã¤£¬O§»Æ[¤ô·Ç¦ÛÅܶµ»P¦]Åܶµ¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y¡C¬O¸ÑÄÀ¦]§»Æ[¤ô·Ç¤W©Ò²£¥Íªº²{¶H¡CColeman»{¬°²z½×ªº¥ô°È¦b©ó»¡©ú§»Æ[¤ô·Ç¤§¤UªºÓ¤H¦æ¬°¡A¥H¤Î³oÓÓ¤H¦æ°Ê«ç¼Ëºc¦¨§»Æ[ªÀ·|²{¹³(Macro-Level Phenomenon )¡C
[25] Coleman¡G18
[26] ³o¬O¹QÆm¹ï©ó¤¤°ê¬ã¨sªº¤èªk¡Aµ§ªÌ¤Þ¥Î¥Lªº¤èªk¡A¥Øªº¦b©ó±q¤@Ó§ó¼sªº¡B§óªø®É¶¡ªº¨¤«×¡A¥hÆ[¹î»´äª÷¿Ä¤£¦P®É¥Nªº¬F©²¡A¦b«nªºª÷¿Ä¬Fµ¦ªº¨Mµ¦¤W©Ò±¹ï¡A¤Î¦Ò¼{ªº¦]¯À¡C¤Î±q²{¦bªº¨¤«×¤ÀªR¤£¦P®É¥Nªº»´ä¬F©²¹ïª÷¿Äªº©w¸q¡C¹QÆm¹ï©ó¤¤°ê¬ã¨sªº¤èªk¡A½Ð°Ñ¹QÆm¡A1994
[27] §ÚÌ°Ñ¦Ò Lehner and Franz (1991¡G233-256)¡B Xueguang Zhou ¡BMatthew ¡A Kraaatz»P Edward J Zajac (1996)¡A»PFranz , Lehner(1991)µ¥ªº¬ã¨s²z½×¡A¥L̬ã¨sªº¦¨ªG»P¥»¤å¬ÛÃöªº³¡¥÷±N·|¦b¤U¤å½×¶D¡C
[28] Coase´£¤Î¬°¦ó¦³¨Ç¸gÀÙ¥æ©ö¦æ¬°¬O¦b¯A¤Î³W«h©M¼h¯Å(hierarchical)ªººÞ²zµ²ºc¤U¶i¦æ¡A¦Ó«Dª½±µ¨ü¨î©ó¥«³õªº»ù®æ¾÷¨î¡H¦o»{¬°©Ò¿×ªº»ù®æ¾÷¨î´N¬Oµo¥Í¦b¥«³õ¤¤¡A©¼¦¹½R°Ó«á²£¥Íªº¦¨¥»¡A¤]´N¬O©Ò¿×ªº¥æ©ö¦¨¥»transaction costs ªº¦Ò¶qªº¦s¦b¾ÉP¤Fµ²Â´ªº§Î¦¨ªº»Ýn¡C«áWilliamson´£¥X conditionaizing¡C¦o»{¬°§â¥æ©ö¦¨¥»µø¬°¤@¥\¯à¥²¶·¦³¨âÓ±ø¥ó¡G¥²¶·¬O¦bÓ¤H²z©Ê¨ü¡A¦Ó¥B¬O¯Ê¥FÃB¥~ªº¥æ©ö«¬ºA®É¡C¦b³oÓ±¡§Î¤U¡A¥æ©ö·|±q¥«³õ²¾¨ì²Õ´¼h¦¸¡AY¤w¦b²Õ´¤º¡A«h·|µo®i¥X§óºë½Tªº±±¨î¡A¹³¬O±q³æ¯Âªº¥«³õ¨ì²VÂøªº«¬ºA¡A¹³¬O¸g¾P¡BÁp·ù«¬ºA¡A©Î¬O¦h³¡ªùªº¤½¥q¡C
[29]
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[30] Xueguang Zhou±qStanford¤j¾Ç¾Ç®Õ²Õ´¦Ê¦~¨Óªº¾ú¥v¡AÀ˵ø¨ä®Õ³W³Ð¥ß»P×¥¿¤ñ²vªºªÀ·|¾÷¨î¡CXueguang Zhou§Q¥Î²Õ´¾Ç²ß©M¨î«×²z½×¡A±´¯Á¨Ãµo²{¤F¾Ç®Õ²Õ´³W«hºtÅܪº¸ô®|¨Ì¿à( path dependenoy )¡Bª`·N¤O°t¸m¡B¬F©²¤z¹w©M¾ú¥v¯ßµ¸µ¥¼vÅT¾÷¨î©Ò²£¥Íªº®ÄªG¡C
Xueguang Zhou µo²{®Õ³W³Ð¥ß»P×¥¿¬O¤À§O°l´M¨âÓ¤£¦Pªº¹Lµ{¡A«eªÌ¦b¤Ï¬M²Õ´¹ï¥~¦b¦M¾÷ªº¦^À³¡F¦Ó«áªÌ«h¥Ñ¤º¦b¾Ç²ß¹Lµ{©Ò¾Þ§Ë¡A§Y¤@¥¹³W«hq©w«á¡A·|¥X²{¸ô®|¨Ì¿à¡B¹ïijÃDI´º±Ó·P©M¹ï¬F©²¨îªº¾AÀ³¡A¬G³W«h·|ÀH®É¶¡¦Ó¨î«×¤Æ¡C
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